Sunday, September 25, 2022

पुण्यातल्या ७ कातळलेण्यांचा

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Baner is a suburb of Pune I’m extremely fond of. I used to work there for a few weeks every year and I have many great friends that I still visit as regularly as I can.

For anyone familiar with the suburb, you will appreciate how much change there has been over the last decade. Widespread rapid development as small villages once detached from the city get swallowed up with high-rise accommodation and new business/leisure complexes. The rate of change is quite astonishing, it does make me wonder how much has been lost as a result of these developments.

One such place that is perhaps less known to the residents of Pune but thankfully not lost to development, is the ancient Baneshwar cave temple in Baner.

The cave temple is located just a few metres up from the foot of Tukai Hill. Anyone wishing to climb the steep steps up to the Tukai Devi Mandir will in fact go past the entrance to this cave temple on their right, although this isn’t immediately obvious. The way to the cave is marked by a simple doorway, in the olden days it would have been a hidden place of worship with just a mast to mark the temple site.

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Folklore says that the Pandavas once lived in the Baneshwar cave temple during their exile almost 5,000 years ago. Alternative tales say that they were founded during the reign of Rashtrkut Raja some 2,500 years ago. We are of course unlikely to ever discover its true origins.

This is considered a Svayambhu temple. The word ‘Svayambhu’ is derived from two Sanskrit words- ‘Svayam (स्वयम्) which means ‘self’ or ‘voluntarily’ and ‘bhu’ (भू) which means ‘springing’ or ‘arising’. So the definition of the word is ‘arising on its own’.

Whilst in its original form it may well have been a natural cave, it has of course been subjected to a serious amount of alteration by the hands of humans. This of course is not unusual, we have been augmenting the landscape around us to create our own shrines, temples and ritual monuments for many thousands of years.

The cave contains a Shiva linga as well as a natural spring. Sudhir Kalamkar, the trustee of the temple, says that the entire cave does get flooded with water which they often have to pump out. It’s a simple, small, but atmospheric interior – one certainly gets a sense that the cave is ancient and has been in use for many centuries.

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The cave also has hero stones or victory pillars at least 700 to 800-years-old but badly worn (not photographed). These depict the warrior’s fights, him praying to Lord Shankar and the last piece depicting him gaining entry into heaven.

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The Baneshwar cave temple is well worth a quick visit for anyone living or passing through the area. I imagine aside from the far more well known Pataleshwar Caves, it’s probably the oldest site in the city (please correct me if you think otherwise!).


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Parvati Cave – Pune

Ask any Punekar what is the oldest surviving structure in Pune city, and they are likely to respond with Pataleshwar Caves. Situated on Jangli Maharaj Road (JM Road), these caves were carved out of the bedrock most probably in the Rashtrakuta period, around the 8th century C.E. Anyone living to the west of the city around Baner may alternatively suggest the cave at Baneshwar temple, hidden away just below Tukai Devi Mandir that overlooks Baner Road.

Unknown to most people in the city is a third site that could lay claim to being the oldest surviving structure in the city. In the Pune City Research News Volume 1 (1942), Karve describes :

[…at Parvati Hill]…There is an east-facing cave carved in the belly of the hill on the south side of the hill. There is also a water tank in this cave.

I was surprised to find that this site is accurately pinned on Google Maps, so finding the cave on my visit to Parvati Hill last year was relatively simple. While not located next to any well defined path, a few indistinct tracks do lead you in the right general direction about 1/4 of the way up the hill, and these can be seen on your left.

Sadly the condition of this cave is not great, clearly neglected and strewn with rubbish. The cave has three openings, which leads to a single room measuring approx 15m x 10m. Near the back of the space are four supporting pillars. Unfortunately the cave was full of water (and more rubbish), so it was impossible to actually get inside and examine the cave in any more detail.

It’s interesting to note that there appears to be evidence of three arched niches carved into the back wall, carefully positioned to be visible through the aperatures created by the supporting pillars of the cave. The niche to the far right appears to be the best preserved, whereas the remaining two appear to be incomplete. This may suggest that the cave excavation was abandoned prior to completion, but it’s hard to conclusively prove that.

The lack of any ornamentation or inscriptions coupled with the very simple plan of the cave makes dating it very difficult. In the 1970s the National Service Scheme at Shahu College attempted to remove the silt from the cave floor in the hope of finding some evidence of material culture (pottery or other artifacts), but their attempts yielded nothing. With the absence of any hard evidence, only a very broad date range can be attributed to this cave, perhaps somewhere between the 5th and 8th centuries C.E. Even that is just a personal guess, but does place the cave into (very) broadly the same timeframe as Pataleshwar and Baneshwar Caves in Pune city.

Exploring rock-cut caves in and around Pune has become a bit of a pet project for me, and I suspect one that I will never complete in my lifetime. This is my current list of rock-cut caves within a 50 mile radius of the city, some I have documented while others I have yet to visit. I’m fully aware that this list is also far from being complete.


 'पुणे' हे महाराष्ट्रामधील शांत आणि सांस्कृतिक शहर अशी पुण्याची सर्वत्र ख्याती आहे. जे कोणीहि पुण्यामध्ये राहायला येतात ते मात्र या पुण्याच्या प्रेमात पडतात. अश्या या पुण्याला खूप मोठा इतिहास लाभलेला आहे परंतु विकासाच्या गतीमुळे मात्र जसजश्या पुण्याच्या सीमा विस्तारत चालल्या आहेत तसे तसे पुण्यामधील इतिहासाच्या पाऊलखुणा या विकासाच्या नावाखाली कुठेना कुठे काळाच्या पडद्याआड होत चाललेल्या दिसत आहेत. अश्याच काही लपलेल्या इतिहासाच्या पाऊलखुणा पुणे आणि त्याच्या आजूबाजूला मोठ्या प्रमाणात बघायला मिळतात त्यापैकी एक महत्वाचे ठिकाण म्हणजे सर्व पुणेकरांच्या आवडीची 'पर्वती'. 

आता पर्वतीवर काय आहे असे इतिहासातले लपलेले असा मात्र प्रश्न आपल्याला पडू शकतो. त्यामध्ये हे पण नक्की विचारले जाईल कि आजपर्यंत एवढ्यावेळेस पर्वतीला गेलो पण बाकी इतिहासातली कोणती गोष्ट अशी आहे कि ती पर्वतीवर आहे? तर या पुणेकरांच्या लाडक्या पर्वतीवर लपलेले आहे चक्क एक सुंदर कातळ 'लेणे' ज्यांना हे माहिती आहे ते 'पर्वतीची लेणी' असा त्याचा उल्लेख करतात.

पुण्यामध्ये आणि आजूबाजूच्या परिसरात राष्ट्रकुट कालखंडात काही लेण्या खोदल्या गेल्या अश्या या पुण्याचा प्राचीन इतिहास जपणाऱ्या लेण्या पुणे परिसरात बऱ्याच खोदलेल्या आपल्याला बघायला मिळतात. खुद्द पुण्यामध्ये असलेल्या या अपरिचित लेण्या मात्र आज उपेक्षेच्या गर्तेत सापडल्या आहेत या लेण्यांना जर भेट द्यायची असेल तर संपूर्ण पुण्याच्या परिसरात आपल्याला एक दिवस भटकंती करून या प्राचीन लेण्यांना भेट देता येईल.

पुण्याच्या प्राचीन इतिहासाची साक्ष देण्याचा प्रयत्न करणारी पर्वतीवर असलेली 'राष्ट्रकुट कालीन' लेणी.

पर्वतीच्या लेण्यांना जर भेट द्यायची असेल तर 'शाहु कॉलेजच्या' मागच्या बाजूने जाऊन किंवा 'पर्वती' येथे जी पाण्याची टाकी जेथे आहे तेथे आपल्याला पोहोचणे जरुरीचे आहे संपूर्ण पर्वतीचा परिसर न्याहाळत आपण जसे पर्वतीवर पोहोचतो तेथून पर्वतीच्या पाण्याच्या टाकीची वाट आपण धरायची. या पर्वतीच्या पाण्याच्या टाकीजवळ आले असता या पाण्याच्या टाकीच्या खालच्या बाजूस आपल्याला काही खोदकाम केलेले पहावयास मिळते हे खोदकाम म्हणजे दुसरे तिसरे काही नसून पर्वती वरील राष्ट्रकुट काळात खोदली गेलेली लेणी आहे. 

या लेणीमध्ये डोकावले असता आतमध्ये कोणतेही कोरीव काम आपल्याला पहावयास मिळत नाही अत्यंत साध्या पद्धतीमध्ये असलेला हा तीन दुय्यम लेण्यांचा समूह आहे. या संपूर्ण लेण्याची लांबी ४५ फुट असून रुंदी हि ३० फुट आहे आणि लेण्याची खोली हि ४० फुट आहे. या लेण्याच्या समोरून पाहिले असता आपल्याला या लेण्यांच्या दोन खांबांमुळे या लेणीचे तीन भाग झालेले आपल्याला बघायला मिळतात. या लेण्यांचा आणि पुण्यातील इतर लेण्यांचा संबंध हा आपल्याला या लेण्यांच्या धाटणीवरून समजतो.  शाहू कॉलेज मधल्या राष्ट्रीय सेवा योजनेच्या वतीने या लेण्यामधील गाळ काढायचा प्रयत्न १९७६ साली झाला होता परंतु या प्रयत्नाने आतमध्ये कोणतेही प्राचीन अवशेष मात्र मिळाले नाहीत. 

या लेणी बाबत अजून माहिती मिळविण्याचा प्रयत्न झाला याबाबतीतला उल्लेख पुणे नगर संशोधन वृत्त खंड १, आणि पान नंबर ७३ यावर असा आढळून येतो 'पर्वतीच्या दक्षिणेच्या बाजूस टेकडीच्या पोटात एक पूर्वाभिमुख गुंफा कोरलेली आहे. तसेच या लेण्यामध्ये एक पाण्याचे टाके आहे. असा उल्लेख या खंडामध्ये केलेला आपल्याला मिळतो. अशी हि पुण्याच्या प्राचीन इतिहासाची वारसा जपणारी सुंदर लेणी मात्र पुणेकरांच्या धकाधकीच्या जीवनातून मात्र काळाच्या ओघात कधीच नाहीशी झाली असून आपले शेवटचे अस्तित्व टिकवण्याचा आणि पुण्याच्या प्राचीन इतिहासाची साक्ष देण्याचा प्रयत्न मात्र हि कातळ लेणी करत आहे.            



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संदर्भग्रंथ:-
१) पुणे नगर संशोधन वृत्त खंड १:-  पान नंबर ७३, भारत इतिहास संशोधक मंडळ, चिं. ग. कर्वे., इ.स. १९४२.

२) पुणे शहराचा ज्ञानकोश:- डॉ. शां. ग. महाजन.       

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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