1868-BOMBAY-ELEPHANTS LOADED ON SHIP"COMPTA" FOR WAR IN ABYSSINIA(ETHIOPIA)
he British 1868 Expedition to Abyssinia was a punitive expedition carried out by armed forces of the British Empire against the Ethiopian Empire. Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia, also known as "Theodore," imprisoned several missionaries and two representatives of the British government. The punitive expedition launched by the British in response required the transportation of a sizable military force hundreds of miles across mountainous terrain lacking any road system. Harold G. Marcus described the action as "one of the most expensive affairs of honour in history."
Britannia threatens "jailer" King Theodore
The fortress of Magdala burning after the British expeditionary force defeated Tewodros of Ethiopia
The British troops begin their return march to Zula
![Image result for [1] NAUTCH GIRLS OF BOMBAY 1875[2] ELLORA CAVES](https://i.pinimg.com/736x/3a/b6/73/3ab6733405bc4879c49b302434eda3fd--girl-dancing-vintage-india.jpg)
![Image result for [1] NAUTCH GIRLS OF BOMBAY 1875[2] ELLORA CAVES](https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/e5/36/18/e53618dd37b44cfa8e37f1cf1ce6608c.jpg)
1876-BOMBAY-HMS SERAPIS LEAVING BOMBAY HARBOUR WITH PRINCE OF WALES[2] PRINCE AT GOA
![Image result for 1884-BOMBAY-[1] PUNKAH WALA](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBAsY7vA-IrjNJxSumag_4Xyk6R-NUIcpPWuU5fnB6-i3bhPS-fsBSVpOEwFKeyxRZzAJriPLF633F-jPHCtoWuPbbZWE6kP4th_GKMPG26y2cIovo1MaVLiG3iHzodBqT2VWaISNR4Pw/s1600/Tea+party+with+punkah-circa1860sFRAMED.jpg)
![Image result for 1876-BOMBAY-HMS SERAPIS LEAVING BOMBAY HARBOUR WITH PRINCE OF WALES[2] PRINCE AT GOA](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEisZ0nOwCkNuUnMOBNJcMbwyIP4f_mgYVTAWXcs_PvgMHcl7teU9w7c-E0x9Kxg4Oes7QomOkI-XasqM7fvJDhXWc9Muz57a-Q7Cum0AdVmd2_CCbPuU4oiRLIxvH2VO8jgxPyhMu0Uyzs3Q6HoQStNYaxxWCpLzQTrkKoRh7-1cURZU6FYZRfuvZzk6XABfDfOgMOOKVlhE59T9XBPGWKhLhv4fK2yOMYqhVh1wyaVyHJCPmyHlXSt1jZsO4gTF4K7WCnqbCIXobqI=s0-d)
![Image result for 1876-BOMBAY-HMS SERAPIS LEAVING BOMBAY HARBOUR WITH PRINCE OF WALES[2] PRINCE AT GOA](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEj_K48HkEWmALFbks-xGBlpyi3RsJ_aXGPPzm1_NXPJtchQdclwqTrzkB8VIeYg7MEkyNwr6Qyyq7BrDLdbYhlwS5o2_1TFf0gwc-SjLI0Z25dAN7jzLVcajqHwqcO06HR1GxdzbOmrjdbitoktIPT2GimzZ3vkBYcsAEGmLFA0WhaHcKZzgld2bH8Kut9kq7VAUPFfvQAUGPpO8BLgd2jJonQyFFf0MSd5FpzWEDaS9awDwXg-Inp6thadhNpIUz1rBAjUqsGGum6M3Xfe1A=s0-d)
they put alamy stamp over my photos
Alamy
Stock photography company
Alamy
is a privately owned stock photography agency launched in 1999. Its
headquarters are on Milton Park, near Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United
Kingdom. Wikipedia
Founded: 1999
Type of business: Private
Smith is also quoted as saying that Britain was "a nation that is governed by shopkeepers", which is how he put it in the first (1776) edition. It is unlikely that either Adam Smith or Napoleon used the phrase to describe that class of small retailers who would not even have had the franchise.
Nation of shopkeepers - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_of_shopkeepers
1882-BOMBAY-THE RECEPTION OF THE INDIAN CONTINGENT AT BOMBAY ON THEIR TRIUMPHAL ARRIVAL FROM EGYPT
20th Punjab Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry in Egypt http://upload.wikimedia
Shipment of mules for mounted battery at Princes Dock, Bombay (Mumbai), India
1884-BOMBAY-[1] PUNKAH WALA (THE ONE WHO PULLS THE CORD OF HAND PULLED PUKAH)
PUNKAH WALA (THE ONE WHO PULLS THE CORD OF HAND PULLED PUKAH)
PUNKAH WALA
PUNKAH WALA (THE ONE WHO PULLS THE CORD OF HAND PULLED PUKAH)
[2]CYCLING IN CROWDED BOMBAY STREET 1880'S
![Image result for [2]CYCLING IN CROWDED BOMBAY STREET 1880'S](https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/02/85/65/02856597b6c0398e4160c9eb219ef92c.jpg)
Bhindi Bazaar, Bombay - 1880s | India - Vintage | Pinterest | History
Pinterest
Young Woman in Sari, Rides Bicycle – Undated Photograph - Old And Vintage Photographs Of Mumbai Bombay Best of Web Shrine
1882-BOMBAY IMAGES[1] TO [5]-NO:[6] TREAD MILL FOR DRAWING UP WATER[7] ELEPHANTA CAVES[8] PARSEE TOWER OF SILENCE ON MALABAR HILL
Gujarat ...
Some
Zoroastrian Persians migrated to India after the fall of the Sassanian
Empire, and gave rise to the modern Indian Parsi community. According to
a chronicle written in the 17th century, the Kissah-i-Sanjan,
the Parsis first came to India in the 8th century. They landed in Diu,
and were later given refuge in Sanjan (Gujarat) by the local king, Jadi
Rana. Five years after this they built the first fire temple, Atash Behram, to shelter the holy fire rescued from Iran.
Over
the years this community accultured to the new land. Gujarati became
the native language of the community and the sari the garment of the
women. However the Parsis preserved their separate cultural and
religious identity.
Towards
the end of the 10th century, the Parsis began to settle in other parts
of Gujarat. This gave rise to difficulties in defining the limits of
priestly jurisdiction, which were resolved in 1290 AD by the
establishment of five panthaks or districts--
Sanjan,
The main cave at Bahrot
The Dakhma Mound at Sanjan
Structures and Ringwells at Sanjan
The Bahrot Fort wall
Nausari,
Godareh-Ankleswar, Broach and Cambay.
Late
in the 15th century Sanjan was attacked by a Muslim army, probably a
war of conquest by the sixth Sultan of Gujarat. The Parsis supported the
local Hindu king with 1400 men, and were annihilated. The survivors
fled with the holy fire, which was installed in Nausari in 1516. Later,
due to disputes between priests, it was transferred and came to its
present location in
Udvada in 1742.
BHUJ AGIARY
... Bombay
Parparsisi Fire Temple, Bombay.
Parsi fire temple Bombay
From
the 16th century, Surat became a major centre of trade, and more and
more Parsis migrated to this town. The newly arrived European traders
preferred to conduct business through this community, since their status
as a minority gave them the necessary flexibility in their new role as
brokers. The first record of a Parsi, Dorabji Nanabhai,
settling in Bombay dates from 1640.
After
1661, when Bombay passed to the British, there was a concerted effort
to bring artisans and traders to settle in the new town. Aungier wrote a
letter to the Factor in Surat on November 21, 1647
to
invite as many weavers as possible, ... whereinto you will promise them
such priviledges, immunities, and exemptions from publique duties as
they shall reasonably desire from you..
{PLEASE
NOTE:-PEOPLE WERE ASKED TO COME AND SETTLE IN BOMBAY COMPARED TO TODAYS
NARROW POLITICS OF ATTACKING SO CALLED OUTSIDERS}
A
large part of the Parsi migrants to Bombay in these years was
constituted of weavers and other artisans. In 1673, the British handed
over a piece of land in Malabar Hill to the Parsi community for the
establishment of their first Dakhma,
Tower of Silence.
In
1735 Lowjee Nusserwanji, a master shipbuilder, was granted land in
Bombay by the East India Company. He took the name of his trade, Wadia,
and moved into the developing town
{Lowji Nusserwanji Wadia – the shipbuilder from Surat
It
has been said that it was not the British merchant but the Parsi
shipbuilder who was the real creator of Bombay. In 1736, East India
Company officials, very impressed with the work of a young Parsi foreman
in their Surat dockyard, invited him to Bombay, with ten of his
carpenters, to build the Bombay shipyard. Lowji Nusserwanji Wadia came
to Bombay and put in fifty years of service, at a salary of forty rupees
a month, handing down his skills to his sons and grandsons. For many
decades, it was the success of the shipyards alone that persuaded the
East India Company to keep this otherwise expensive settlement going.
The
Wadias made ships of Malabar teak for an international clientele. Their
Bombay Frigates were ordered by the British Admiralty and used in the
Battle of Trafalgar. One of their ships sailed the world for years with
the following message carved on her kelson by the chief shipwright,
Jamshetji Wadia, "This ship was built by a d----d Black Fellow AD 1800."
The Wadias weren't the only stars in the Parsi firmament. Parsi
entrepreneurs began springing up in every direction, attempting new
professions and being enormously successful. It is said that the Bombay
of those days was a level playing field where there were fortunes to be
made, caste, colour, creed, no bar; though in the colour-conscious world
of British India, it could not have hurt to be light-skinned like some
Parsis.}
Incidentally, the Wadias built the ship Minden, on board which Francis Scott Key composed the US national anthem "Star Spangled Banner".
In
1780, 9.2% of the population of Bombay were Parsis. A first wave of
migration followed a famine in Gujarat in 1790. By 1812 the number of
Parsis in Bombay had quadrupled. In 1837, a second large wave of
migrations to Bombay followed a huge fire in Surat. Today, more than 70%
of all Parsis live in Bombay.
he
Parsis are intimately connected with the history of Bombay. The cotton
boom was largely fuelled by Parsi entrepreneurs. The oldest newspaper in
Bombay, "Bombay Samachar", was run by Parsis.Congress stalwarts like
Dadabhai Naoroji,
Dadabhai Naoroji,
To
educate the British public and to fight for Indian rights, in 1892 he
stood for elections to the British House of Commons as a liberal from
Central Finsbury. He won by three votes and his constituents nicknamed
him 'Mr Narrow Majority'. He was the first Indian to beat the British at
their own game. The conservative press did their best to stir up racial
prejudice against him.
Central Finsbury should be ashamed of itself at having publicly confessed that there was not in the whole of the Division an Englishman, a Scotsman, a Welshman, or an Irishman as worthy of their votes as this fire-worshipper from BombaY
Central Finsbury should be ashamed of itself at having publicly confessed that there was not in the whole of the Division an Englishman, a Scotsman, a Welshman, or an Irishman as worthy of their votes as this fire-worshipper from BombaY
Pherozeshah Mehta
Sir Pherozeshah Mehta, KCIE (August
4, 1845 - November 5, 1915) was an Parsi Indian political leader,
activist, and a leading lawyer, who was knighted by then British
Government in India for his service to the law. His political ideology
was, as was the case with most of the Indian leaders of his time,
moderate and was hence not directly opposed to the crown's sovereignty
but only demanded more autonomy for Indians to self-rule.
He became the Municipal commissioner of Bombay Municipality in 1873 and its President four times - 1884, 1885, 1905 and 1911.
Madame
Bhikaiji Cama (1861-1936) our radical firebrand, was exiled from India
and Britain and lived in France. Bhikaiji was a tireless propagandist
for Indian Independence. Russian comrades used to call her India's Joan
of Arc. Lenin reportedly invited her to reside in Russia but she did not
accept the invitation.44
In
1907, she addressed an audience of 1,000 Germans at the Stuttgart
Conference. After her impassioned speech she unfurled a flag, a
tricolour, which became, with some changes, India's national flag forty
years later. As her activities grew more radical the British requested
the French to extradite her. The French refused. In 1936, alone and
seriously ill, wishing to die in her own country she petitioned the
British government to be allowed to return home. Her request was
granted, provided she sign what she had refused to all her life; a
statement promising she would take no part in politics. She returned to
Bombay and after an illness of eight months, died lonely, forgotten and
unsung in the Parsi General Hospital.
ame Bhikaiji Cama (1861-1936) our radical firebrand, was exiled from India and Britain and lived in France. Bhikaiji was a tireless propagandist for Indian Independence. Russian comrades used to call her India's Joan of Arc. Lenin reportedly invited her to reside in Russia but she did not accept the invitation.44
In 1907, she addressed an audience of 1,000 Germans at the Stuttgart Conference. After her impassioned speech she unfurled a flag, a tricolour, which became, with some changes, India's national flag forty years later. As her activities grew more radical the British requested the French to extradite her. The French refused. In 1936, alone and seriously ill, wishing to die in her own country she petitioned the British government to be allowed to return home. Her request was granted, provided she sign what she had refused to all her life; a statement promising she would take no part in politics. She returned to Bombay and after an illness of eight months, died lonely, forgotten and unsung in the Parsi General Hospital.
ame Bhikaiji Cama (1861-1936) our radical firebrand, was exiled from India and Britain and lived in France. Bhikaiji was a tireless propagandist for Indian Independence. Russian comrades used to call her India's Joan of Arc. Lenin reportedly invited her to reside in Russia but she did not accept the invitation.44
In 1907, she addressed an audience of 1,000 Germans at the Stuttgart Conference. After her impassioned speech she unfurled a flag, a tricolour, which became, with some changes, India's national flag forty years later. As her activities grew more radical the British requested the French to extradite her. The French refused. In 1936, alone and seriously ill, wishing to die in her own country she petitioned the British government to be allowed to return home. Her request was granted, provided she sign what she had refused to all her life; a statement promising she would take no part in politics. She returned to Bombay and after an illness of eight months, died lonely, forgotten and unsung in the Parsi General Hospital.
Dinshaw Wacha
Sir Dinshaw Edulji Wacha (1844-1936)
was a Parsi Indian politician from Bombay. He was one of the founders
of the Indian National Congress, and its President in 1901.
He was President of the Indian Merchants' Chamber in 1915.
TATA
Even the physical shape of Bombay was determined by donations to build causeways, roads and buildings by members of theJeejeebhoy his first voyage to China (1800)to trade in cotton and opium.
Sir JJ as he was
known , was one of India's greatest philanthropists
known , was one of India's greatest philanthropists
Sketch of Jejeebhoy, 1857
An
essentially self-made man, having experienced the miseries of poverty
in early life, Jejeebhoy developed great sympathy for his poorer
countrymen, and in his later life was occupied with alleviating human
distress in all its forms. Parsi and Christian, Hindu and Muslim, were
alike the objects of his beneficence. Hospitals, schools, homes of
charity and pension funds throughout India (particularly in Mumbai,
Jejeebhoy donated to at least 126 notable public charities, including the Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art, the Sir J. J. College of Architecture, the Sir J.J. Institute of Applied Art and the Seth R.J.J. High School. He also endowed charities dedicated to helping his fellow Parsis and created the "Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy Parsi Benevolent Fund".
Mahim Causeway:
the British Government had refused to build a causeway to connect the
island of Salsette to Mumbai. Jejeebhoy's wife Avabai Jamsetjee
Jeejeebhoy spent 1,55,800 rupees to finance its construction, naming it
after his wife Avabai. The work began in the year 1841 and is believed
to have been completed 4 years late
The Illustrated London News print of Jejeebhoy's residence, 1858
The fifth Baronet, Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy at home. The first Baronet, Sir JJ as he was
known , was one of India's greatest philanthropists. Schools, colleges, hospitals, still
bear his name. Bombay 1984.
known , was one of India's greatest philanthropists. Schools, colleges, hospitals, still
bear his name. Bombay 1984.
and Readymoney families.
Sir Cowasji Jehangir Readymoney, CSI (1812–1878)
Fountain erected by Cowasji Jehangir Readymoney in Regent's Park, London
SIR COWASJI JEHANGIR READYMONEY (1812-1878), "the Peabody of Bombay." Readymoney (first to loan money to the British).Early
in the 18th century three Parsee brothers moved from Nowsari,
near Surat, in Gujarat, to Bombay, and became the pioneers of a
lucrative trade with China. They gained the sobriquet of "Readymoney,"
which they adopted as a surname. Only Hirji Jewanji Readymoney left
issue, two daughters, the elder of whom married a Banaji, and the
younger a Dady Sett. The son of the former, Jehangir Hirji, married
Mirbae, the daughter of the latter, and was made the heir not only of
his grandfather, but of his two granduncles. The younger of their two
sons was Cowasji Jehangir. His only English education was at the then
well-known school kept by Serjeant Sykes in the Fort of Bombay. At the
age of 15 he entered the firm of Duncan, Gibb & Co. as "godown
keeper," or warehouse clerk. In 1837 he was promoted to the responsible
and lucrative appointment of "guarantee broker" to two of the leading
European firms of Bombay. In 1846 he was able to begin trading on his
own account. He was made a J.P. for the town and island of Bombay, and a
member of the board of conservancy; and in 1866 was appointed a
commissioner of income tax, his tactful management being largely
responsible for the fact that this tax, then new to Bombay and
unpopular, was levied with unexpected financial success. He was made
C.S.I. in 1871; and in 1872 he was created a Knight Bachelor of
the United Kingdom, and his statue, by T. Woolner, R. A., was erected in
the town hall. His donations to the institutions of Bombay amounted to
close on £ 200,000. His health broke down in 1871, and he died in 1878,
being succeeded by his son, Sir J. Cowasji Jehangir [Readymoney],
who was created a Knight Bachelor in 1895, and a Baronet in 1908.
who was created a Knight Bachelor in 1895, and a Baronet in 1908.
BOMBAY-1675-PEOPLE AND BUSINESS
In 1661,
the islands of Bombay passed to the British Crown, when Charles II
married Catherine of Braganza. However, the Portuguese garrison in
Bassein refused to part with the islands of Salsette, Parel, Worli
and Mazagaon.
British soldiers captured these islands only in 1665, and a treaty was signed in the manor house on the island of Bombay.
Proceeding roughly south to north, the seven islands ceded by the Portuguese to the British were
|
This list does not exhaust all the islands that have merged into the modern city of Bombay. In particular,Salsette, the large northern island which remained under Portuguese control till 1739, is not counted among these seven.
British soldiers captured these islands only in 1665, and a treaty was signed in the manor house on the island of Bombay.
The
British East India Company received it from the crown in 1668 for the
sum of 10 pounds a year, payable every September 30. Sir George Oxenden,
then President of the factory in Surat, became the first Governor of
Bombay. The Company immediately set about the task of opening up the
islands by constructing a quay and warehouses. A customs house was also
built. Fortifications were made around the manor house, now renamed
Bombay Castle. A Judge-Advocate was appointed for the purpose of civil
administration. Sir George died in 1669.
Gerald
Aungier was appointed the President of the Surat factory and Governor
of Bombay in 1672, and remained at this post till 1675. He offered
various inducement to skilled workers and traders to set up business in
the new township. As a result, a large number of Parsis, Armenian,
Bohras, Jews, Gujarati banias from Surat and Diu and Brahmins from
Salsette came to Bombay. The population of Bombay was estimated to have
risen from 10,000 in 1661 to 60,000 in 1675.
The first four governors held Bombay for the Crown:-
The first four governors held Bombay for the Crown:-
| 1 | Abraham Shipman | 19 March 1662 | October 1664 | 2 | |
| 2 | Humphrey Cooke | February 1665 | 5 November 1666 | 1 | Acting |
| 3 | Gervase Lucas | 5 November 1666 | 21 May 1667 | 1 | |
| 4 | Henry Gary | 22 May 1667 | 23 September 1668 | 1 | Acting |
| 1 | George Oxeden | 23 September 1668 | 14 July 1669 | 1 | ||
| 2 | Matthew Gray | 14 July 1669 | 7 June 1672 | 3 | Acting | |
| 3 | Gerald Aungier | 7 June 1672 | 30 June 1677 | 5 | ||
| 4 | Henry Oxenden | 30 June 1677 | 27 October 1681 | 4 | ||
| 5 | John Child | 27 October 1681 | 27 December 1683 | 2 | ||
| 6 | Richard Keigwin | 27 December 1683 | 19 November 1684 | 1 | Acting | |
| 7 | Charles Zinzan | 19 November 1684 | 1685 | 1 | Acting | |
| 8 | John Wyborne | 1685 | 2 May 1687 | 2 | Acting | |
| 9 | John Child | 2 May 1687 | 4 Feb 1690 | 3 | ||
| 10 | Bartholomew Harris | 4 February 1690 | 10 May 1694 | 4 | ||
| 11 | Daniel Annesley | 10 May 1694 | 17 May 1694 | Acting | ||
| 12 | John Gayer | 17 May 1694 | November 1704 | 10 |
Gerald
Aungier established the first mint in Bombay. In 1670 the Parsi
businessman Bhimjee Parikh imported the first printing press into
Bombay.
Aungier planned extensive fortifications from Dongri in the north to Mendham's Point (near present day Lion Gate) in the south. However, these walls were only built in the beginning of the 18th century. The harbour was also developed, with space for the berthing of 20 ships. In 1686, the Company shifted its main holdings from Surat to Bombay.
Aungier planned extensive fortifications from Dongri in the north to Mendham's Point (near present day Lion Gate) in the south. However, these walls were only built in the beginning of the 18th century. The harbour was also developed, with space for the berthing of 20 ships. In 1686, the Company shifted its main holdings from Surat to Bombay.
During
the Portuguese occupation, Bombay exported only coir and coconuts. With
the coming of many Indian and British merchants, Bombay's trade
developed. Soon it was trading in salt, rice, ivory, cloth, lead and
sword blades with many Indian ports as well as with Mecca and Basra.
HISTORY OF COLABA,BOMBAY-1675 TO 1905
Although Gerald
Aungier took possession of Colaba and Old Woman's Island in 1675,
development of these areas took a long time. In 1743 Colaba was leased
to a Richard Broughton at Rs. 200 per annum, a lease that was renewed in
1764. Colaba was well-known for the variety of fishes in the nearby
waters. The bombil, called Bombay Duck after being dried, rawas, halwa, turtles, crabs, prawns and lobsters, could all be found here.
By
1796 Colaba became a cantonment for troops. At the southern end of the
island, called Upper Colaba, a meteorological observatory was
established in 1826. This was on the eastern side of the island. In the
same year a mental asylum was constructed on the western side.
With
the completion of the Colaba Causeway in 1838, these remaining two
islands were joined to the others. The price of land shot up. Colaba
became a centre of commerce with the opening of the Cotton Exchange at
Cotton Green in 1844. The Causeway was widened and strengthened in 1861
and again in 1863. It became a separate ward of the Municipality in
1872.
Civil
constructions in Colaba did not push out the troops. During this period
the Sick Bungalows, now known as INS Ashwin, were built. Work on the
church of St. John the Evangelist was begun in 1847. The church, now
known as the Afghan Church (after the First Afghan War of 1838) was
consecrated in 1858 and work on the steeple was concluded in 1865.
Transport
to this end of the new town was revolutionised by the introduction
of horse-drawn tram-cars in 1873 by Stearns and Kitteredge, who had
their offices on the west side of the Causeway, where the Electric House
now stands.
The
Prong's lighthouse, at the southern tip of the island, was constructed
in 1875. Also in the same year, the eponymous Sassoon Docks were built
by David Sassoon on reclaimed land. The BB&CI Railways established
their terminus in Colaba. These developments pushed the indigenous kolis to the edges of the island, near the Sassoon Docks and to the west.
90,000
square yards of land were reclaimed on the western shore of Colaba by
the City Improvement Trust. The work was opposed by eminent citizens
like Sir Pherozeshah Mehta, on the grounds that such a large area of
land coming on the market would depress prices. The work was
nevertheless carried out, and completed in 1905. Land prices did not
fall. A seafront road along with a raised sea-side promenade (the
Parade, named after T. W. Cuffe of the Trust) were completed the next
year.
HISTORY OF BOMBAY--1600'S--Gerald Aungier--Born:? ? Died: 1690.
Gerald Aungier
Born: ?
Died: 1690.
Died: 1690.
Gerald
Aungier was the second Governor of Bombay. He was made the president of
the Surat factor and the governor of Bombay in 1672, which posts he
held till 1675. He was responsible for the initial growth of the city.
He died in the year 1677.
Although
the Portuguese king had ceded all the islands of Bombay to the British
king Charles, the Portuguese in India refused to hand over the the
territory. It was not till 1675 that Aungier actually took possession
of Colaba and Old Man's Island, thus completing the transfer of power to
the British. His plan of fortifying the main island, from Dongri in the
north to the harbour, had to wait until 1715 for completion, when
Charles Boone became the governor of the town.
He
offered various inducements to skilled workers and traders to set up
business in Bombay. His offers were tempting enough to lure many traders
and artisans from Gujarat to the newly developing town. As a result
Bombay registered its first population boom. Between 1661 and 1675 there
was a six-fold increase in population.
Aungier established the first mint in Bombay, and ceded land near the Malabar hill to immigrant Parsiworkers
and traders for a Tower of Silence. It was during his governorship, in
1670, that the first printing press was imported and set up in Bombay.
BOMBAY-1880-Flora Fountain, in a photo from the 1880's
Completed in 1864, the Flora Fountain was erected by the
Agri-Horticultural society of Western India out of a donation by
Cursetjee Fardoonjee Parekh. Built in imported Portland stone, but now
defaced with white oil paint, it was originally meant to be named after
Sir Bartle Frere, then governor of Bombay. However, the name was changed
before the fountain was unveiled. It stood in the center of the town as
it then was. Now this area is the heart of the business district of the
town
BOMBAY-1908-"The splendid Municipal Building, Bombay," c.1908*
The foundation stone for the offices of the Bombay Municipal Corporation
was laid on December 9, 1884, by the Viceroy, Lord Ripon. The Gothic
design by F. W. Stevens was selected over the Indo-Saracenic design
submitted by R. F. Chisholm. Completed in 1893, the building has a 255
feet tall tower.
AND NOW:-
AND NOW:-
BOMBAY-1870-VICTORIA RAILWAY TERMINUS---5 PHOTOS OF SAME BUILDING ---[SHOWS HORSE DRAWN TRAM BUSES FOR PASSENGERS]An albumen print, c.1870;
A magnificent building, completed in 1888, the Victoria Terminus was
named after the then Queen Empress on Jubilee Day, 1887. Construction
started in 1878 based on a design by F. W. Stevens, and took 10 years to
complete. The cost of construction was Rs. 16.14 lakhs (Rs. 1.614
million). The railway station was opened to the public on New Year's
Day, 1882. It is now the starting point of the Central Railways.
Built in the Victorian Gothic Revival style, based on Italian Gothic models, the complicated ground plan of the building is counterpointed by marvellous filigrees, carvings and arches. The south-western part of the building is topped by a dome holding up a statue of Progress. It is an early example of a uniquely Bombay style of architecture which emerged when British architects worked with Indian craftsmen to include Indian architectural tradition and idioms.
When the building was first used it held not only railway functionaries such as the accounts, chief engineer and traffic manager but also other municipal offices such as the superintendent of the police. Curiously, railway tickets were also printed in the same building. The number of people working here rose for almost a hundred years. In the 1980's the Railways began to lighten the load on the structure. It presently holds over 700 employees of the Central Railway.
another view, c.1880's*OF SAME BUILDING:-
A collotype print, c.1900, by Clifton & Co.:-
*Victoria Terminus and its streetscape, 1908*
A modern visitor's photo
Built in the Victorian Gothic Revival style, based on Italian Gothic models, the complicated ground plan of the building is counterpointed by marvellous filigrees, carvings and arches. The south-western part of the building is topped by a dome holding up a statue of Progress. It is an early example of a uniquely Bombay style of architecture which emerged when British architects worked with Indian craftsmen to include Indian architectural tradition and idioms.
When the building was first used it held not only railway functionaries such as the accounts, chief engineer and traffic manager but also other municipal offices such as the superintendent of the police. Curiously, railway tickets were also printed in the same building. The number of people working here rose for almost a hundred years. In the 1980's the Railways began to lighten the load on the structure. It presently holds over 700 employees of the Central Railway.
another view, c.1880's*OF SAME BUILDING:-
A collotype print, c.1900, by Clifton & Co.:-
*Victoria Terminus and its streetscape, 1908*
A modern visitor's photo
The
Victoria Terminus was renamed Chhatrapati Sivaji Terminus on March 4,
1996. In September 1999 pedestrian access to the suburban railway
terminus was moved underground. The subway was built at the incredible
cost of Rs. 15 crores (Rs. 150 million).
This
building has long been on the urban heritage list and a protected
monument. It was put on theUNESCO World Heritage List on July 2, 2004.
It is the first functional administrative building to be put on this
list.
BOMBAY-FAMINE[UNDER BRITISH RULE FAMINE WAS COMMON ALLOVER INDIA ] -1897
"The Indian Famine: Great Intercessory Prayer Meeting of Mohammedans in Bombay"; a wood engraving, 1897
BOMBAY-1867--SCREW STEAMER 'EUPHRATES' CARRYING BRITISH TROOPS TO INDIA[older steam ships all had paddle wheel ;not screw/propeller ]
Above is paddle wheel ;below is screw or propeller
Below pictures of paddle wheel steam ships:-
Tuesday, June 29, 2010
Plague-- Bombay-- Burning Bodies--1898
19th-century Mumbai plague may offer clues in dealing with Ebola
Isolation, segregation, quarantine? The city saw it all in 1896.
"What if Ebola breaks out in a slum? We wouldn’t know what to do. Of course," he consoled himself quickly, "Nobody in a slum would ever come within a mile of the airport. So the chance of getting infected is practically zero, right?"
Wrong. How utterly wrong.
If Ebola breaks out in a slum, we must know what to do because we’ve been there before. And his second observation is exactly what made things go so horribly wrong that time.
We’ve had Ebola before?
No, but we’ve had the plague. It broke out in September 1896, but let’s ignore the date. That moment was incendiary, like it is now.
Mumbai didn’t have slums in 1896.
Hell, yes we did.
It was Bombay then and we’ve had slums since the 17th century.
Surely those were chawls, not slums?
The distinction is invidious.
In 1896, in newly industrial Parel, people lived 64 to the room. About ten of them were employed. The rest were friends and relations escaping the famine.
That was only the plague. This is Ebola!
Onlythe plague?
By January 1900, more than 2.9 million had died of the plague in Bombay Province. The recorded number of cases in this period was 3.8 million. The mortality was even higher in the first decade of the new century. Bombay had epidemics every year until 1923.
Fever. Collapse. Death.
The pattern is the same as Ebola.
Plague victims died exactly as Ebola victims do, within a day of onset, bleeding from every orifice.
Plague’s an ancient disease. The treatment may be recent, but surely doctors knew what to expect!
Before 1896 nobody in the city had seen a case of plague. Scientists knew just as much about the plague germ as we do of the Ebola virus today ‒ which is to say, practically nothing.
It had a name and identifiable markers, anything more was guesswork. Doctors didn’t know what it would do, how it would move, what damage it would inflict. They could only watch and learn. As are courageous doctors and nurses in Liberia are doing now, learning on the job.
But science is so much more advanced now. They couldn’t have known much about immunity in 1896. And wasn’t there a vaccine against plague?
Agreed. They didn’t know much about immunity, and yes, there were vaccines and therapies and none of them worked.
Are we so much more advanced today?
We don’t know how Ebola emerged ‒ which really is the key to containing an epidemic. We don’t know how the body defends itself against its assault. Tentative vaccines, we’re told, are being tried. But can your family doctor, or even your friendly neighborhood five-star hospital, produce one to protect you? Not a chance. There are no drugs to cure Ebola.
Yes, we can dress better for Ebola than they did for the plague. We can do spacewalks in those spiffy protective suits.
Incidentally, the European plague doctor, circa 1400 had an even hotter wardrobe. But by 1896 it was considered too retro, and Bombay’s doctors did little to protect themselves against the plague.
Thank God for quarantine! It’s all up to airport surveillance now.
Here we go again.
Quarantine didn’t work with the Black Death of medieval Europe, it didn’t work in Bombay in 1896. Quarantine was in full force when plague spread from one continent to another. Then, as it is now, quarantine was the first response. Unfortunately then, as now, it remains the only response ‒ a knee-jerk response, the startled reaction to panic. It’s also the most violent, the most primitive human response to danger. It is xenophobia based on the perception that the outsider is evil and must be kept out at any cost. Shoot on sight orders have historically been part of quarantine.
Isolation, segregation, quarantine were all forms of exclusion practiced in Bombay in 1896. Houses were inspected, suspicious cases were dragged out to hospital where they invariably died, their goods and belongings were burnt at street corners, relatives were herded into plague camps while their houses were de-roofed, sluiced with perchloride of mercury, fumigated and limewashed. Survivors were given new clothes and sent back to their sanitised homes ‒ only to contract the plague again the following week.
Bombay’s plague camps and temporary plague hospitals had deeper political implications. They allowed the Sarkar to control the population by fragmenting it on the basis of religion, caste, and community.
That was the British Sarkar. This is independent India!
Right. Has the country ever been more divided, more polarised, than it is now? We’re a nation on the brink of fragmentation. Xenophobia’s practically a birthright for us Indians. What better tool for fascists than the threat of an epidemic?
The plague camps of Bombay were the blueprint for the concentration camps of Nazi Germany. How long before we travel that road today?
So if isolation didn’t work in 1896, what did? Is there anything in that experience which might help us today?
The only thing that worked in 1896 is what’s working today in Liberia.
We can’t read that in the historical narrative of the 1896 plague, but we can in the notes of the doctors, and they did keep detailed notes.
One man in particular, Dr NH Choksy of Arthur Road (now Kasturba) Hospital recorded his personal experience of over 4,000 cases of plague through eight epidemics. He relied solely on what he observed. He had no cure, so he anticipated complications and made ready to face them.
This is what doctors (often with a sneer) call "supportive treatment". It means taking every step to prevent the body’s major organs from failing ‒ and it’s the only thing doctors in Liberia are now doing. Because, the assault of Ebola is the same as the assault of plague, the same as the assault of any and every infection that overcomes the body’s barriers. This assault is on the organs that keep life going.
Doctors in Liberia are battling to keep their patients hydrated, just as Dr Choksy did, to prevent circulatory failure, to prevent the fatal effects of shock on heart, liver, kidney, brain.
The worst we can do is to subscribe to the viewpoint of that guy on the plane ‒ that people exist in airtight compartments, that the ragged man on the roadside can’t possibly rub shoulders with deodorised airport staff. This presumption is naïve in a citizen, but criminal in scientists or policy makers.
And yet, here we go again.
Ishrat Syed and Kalpana Swaminathan are surgeons who write together as Kalpish Ratna. Their new book, ROOM 000: Narratives of the Bombay Plague will be published in January.
IRWIN STADIUM -DELHI-1933 MADE AND GIFTED BY MAHARAJA OF BHAVNAGAR TO DELHI--NOW RENAMED DHYAN CHAND NATIONAL STADIUM
Dabul, from John Ogilby's Asia, the first part, being an accurate description of Persia, the vast empire of the great Mogol, and other parts of India, etc.--Artist and engraver: Ogilby, John (fl.1673) Medium: Engraving Date: 1673
Egraving by John Ogilby (fl.1673) of Dabhol in the Konkan region of Maharashtra, dated 1673. Dhabol was of considerable importance in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries. It was the principal port in the southern Konkan, carrying on trade with Cambay, Malabar, the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, and was the capital of a province of the Bijapur kingdom under Yusuf Adil Shah. John Ogilby was 'Cosmographer, Geographic Printer, and Master of His Majesty's revels in the Kingdom of Ireland' to Charles II. This image, re-engraved from an original Dutch print; hence the Dutch pennant inscription at the top, forms one of the illustrations to Ogilby's 'Asia, the first part, being an accurate description of Persia, the vast empire of the great Mogol, and other parts of India...', published in 1673. Ogilby's description of Dhabol reads, "Four Gau, or twelve Leagues from Chipolone, down the River Helewacko, lies the City Dabul, or Dabrul, anciently very famous, but of late much ruin'd by the Wars, and decreas'd in Trade...It lies open onely on the South-side which fronts the Water, where are two Batteries planted with four Iron Guns. On the Mountains are several decay'd Fortresses, and an ancient Castle, but without any Guns or Garrison. On the Northern Point, where the Bay begins, stands a little Wood, which at a distance appears like a Fort, and below this Wood, near the Water, is a white Temple, or Pagode; as also another on the South Point, on the declining Mountain, besides several other Temples and Stately Edifices."
Panoramic view of Bombay taken from Chinchpoogly hill, Parel, looking towards Cumballa hill and Warli--Artist: Griffiths, Linette Rebecca (b. 1843) Medium: Watercolour Date: 1870-
Watercolour
drawing of Bombay taken from Chinchpoogly hill at Parel looking towards
Cumballa hill and Warli by Linette Rebecca Griffiths (b. 1843) dating
from c.1870s.
In
1661, Bombay was ceded to the British by the Portuguese as part of the
marriage dowry of Catherine of Braganza when she married Charles II. The
area of Bombay was originally composed of seven islands, including
Parel. In the foreground of this late 19th-century view, we can see a
townscape with a number of mill or factory chimneys punctuating the
skyline. It was probably thanks to this industrialisation that the
residence of the British Governor at Parel was moved to Malabar Point.
Advert for Nubian Blacking, shoe polish
Printer: Unknown
Medium: Print on paper
Date: 1879All
outdoor boots and shoes were made from leather in the 19th century, and
as such needed polishing to keep them clean. Until the end of the
century, shoes were generally made to measure, and the expense involved
in having shoes made meant that they had to be kept in very good
condition. When not being worn they were filled with paper to preserve
their shape, and linseed oil was often rubbed into the leather to keep
it smooth.
This
particular brand of shoe-polish has a racially suspect name. 'Nubia'
was the name given by early French explorers to the region of
north-eastern Africa around the huge Nile valley; 'Nubians' were by
definition this area's inhabitant. While the word 'Nubian' clearly has
always had racial connotations, by the 19th century some of these
connotations were outright racist: Nubian was now a slang word in
English meaning 'black slave'.
Holi festival, a nobleman watching the celebrations--Artist: unknown Medium: Watercolour Date: 1795
Watercolour drawing showing the Holi festival, by an anonymous artist working in the Patna school, c. 1795-1800. Inscribed on the back of the drawing is: 'No.4. The Gift of E.E. Pote Esqr. Elizath Collins. This is a Hindoo Festival celebrated, among other sports, by throwing a red powder enclosed in globes of Lak which break instantly and cover the party with the Powder - this is immediately returned - and thus by partial and promiscuous peltings - the whole Party are entirely covered with the red Powder. The Powder is also put in Water, and the Assembly attack each other with squirts filled with the red water - by the time the Party break up', 'they are so disfigured as scarce to be known'; also' The Festival of the Hoolee.'
Lord Hastings' flotilla on the river, with many pinnace budgerows--Artist: Sita Ram (fl. c.1810-1822) Medium: Watercolour Date: 1814
Watercolour of a river scene on the Ganges river at Buxar from 'Views by Seeta Ram from Patna to Benares Vol. II' produced for Lord Moira, afterwards the Marquess of Hastings, by Sita Ram between 1814-15. Marquess of Hastings, the Governor-General of Bengal and the Commander-in-Chief (r. 1813-23), was accompanied by artist Sita Ram (flourished c.1810-22) to illustrate his journey from Calcutta to Delhi between 1814-15.
The Main Street, Bangalore.--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1890--
This photograph of a Main Street, Bangalore taken in the 1890s by an unknown photographer, is from the Curzon Collection's 'Souvenir of Mysore Album'.The note accompanying this photograph reads, "On either side of the roadway there are open stalls or bazaars, where the tradesmen display their wares arranged in tiers of shelves, all within reach of the salesman, who sits ensconsed among them. Those of a trade generally flock together. During the busy hours of the morning and afternoon, the streets are so thronged with people as to remind one of the crowded thoroughfares of London."
The Divan-i Khass in the Palace in the Delhi Fort--Artist: Ghulam 'Ali Khan (fl.1817-1852) Medium: Watercolour Date: 1817
Watercolour of the Divan-i Khass in the Palace in the Delhi Fort, by Ghulam 'Ali Khan, 1817. This drawing shows the red awnings and 'shamianas' fully rigged, a scene of vigorous activity beneath as a palanquin is prepared for the Emperor's departure, with various figures going about their duties. Inscribed beneath in ink in Persian: ''amal-i Ghulam 'Ali Khan musavvir fidvi-i Muhammad Akbar Shah Padshah Ghazi san 11 panjum mah-i shavval' (the work of Ghulam 'Ali Khan the painter, in the 11th year of Akbar Shah, 5th day of the month Shavval); and under the appropriate buildings from the left: ''aqb-i hamam' (back of the baths); 'naqsha-i anjuman-i Divan-i Khass dar darul khilafah Shahjahanabad' (the body of people in front of the Divan-i Khass)'; tasbih khana'(the emperor's prayer chamber on the south of the latter)'; hamam andrun-i mahall-i mubarak' (baths within the private part of the palace)'; jalau khana' (entrance hall on the extreme right)'; burj musamman' (on the golden dome). On the reverse is a faded inscription in English: 'Diwan Khass in the King's Palace ....' The Red Fort or Lal Qila, was constructed by Shah Jahan (r.1627-58) for his new city of Shahjahanabad. The Lahore gate was one of the main entrances to the fort and is composed of a central arch or 'pishtaq' with side towers. The octogonal-shaped fort complex is surrounded by high fortification walls of red sandstone which reach between 18-33 m in height. Key buildings inside the fort include the Diwan-i-Am (Hall of Public Audience), the Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of Private Audience), Moti Masjid, and the Khas Mahal (private chambers of the emperor).
The Great Gun of Agra lying beside the Fort wall--Artist: Sita Ram (fl. c.1810-1822) Medium: Watercolour Date: 1815
Watercolour
of the Great Gun of Agra, lying unmounted on the bank of the Jumna
below the Shah Burj of the Agra Fort, by Sita Ram, c. 1814-1815.
Inscribed below: 'Doond Hanee or great Gun lying at Beessara Ghaut at
Agra'.
The
Great Gun of Agra can be seen lying unmounted on the bank of the Jumna
River below the Shah Burj of the Agra Fort. A small temple and ruins of
Mughal buildings can be seen in the foreground along with people (some
inside the gun) and an elephant. In the distance across the river is the
Taj Mahal and its red sandstone gateway. The Great Gun was once one of
the sights of Agra and its name is apparently a corruption of 'dhun
dhvani' ('Roar of an explosion'). It was destroyed in 1833 on the orders
of the Governor-General Lord William Cavendish Bentinck, for the sale
of the scrap metal to finance the construction of a permanent bridge
across the Jumna at Agra.
A student of the Hindu College.Artist: Eden, Emily Medium: Lithograph Date: 1844
This lithograph is taken from plate 18 of Emily Eden's 'Portraits of the Princes and People of India'. Eden described the image on the left as one of "a favourite and successful young student at the Hindoo College, in Calcutta, where scholars acquire a very perfect knowledge of English, and have a familiarity with the best English writers which might shame many of our own schools. The Hindoo youths have an extraordinary aptness and precocity as scholars, and their exhibitions are very interesting and gratifying. This young student, who was the son of a native gentleman of rank in Calcutta, recited English poetry with particular grace and propriety."
Surat on the Banks of the Tappee--Artist: Forbes, James Medium: Engraving Date: 1813
Plate twenty-seven from the first volume of James Forbes'"Oriental Memoirs", a work in the form of a series of letters richly illustrated, describing various aspects of nature, people and buildings he met with during his travels in India in the 1760s-70s. Forbes(1749-1819) spent most of his working-life in Gujarat where he held the post of Collector in Bharuch and Dhaboi. Of the Surat city in Gujarat on the banks of the river Tapti, Forbes noted, 'This engraving represents this celebrated city in the most interesting point of view, from the English Factory to the Dutch bunder, taken on the opposite side of the river. In the centre is the Castle, with the British and Mogul colours on the towers; the more distant flag surmounts the Portuguese Factory.'
Advert for Huntley & Palmer, biscuit manufacturer--Printer: Unknown Medium: Lithograph, coloured Date: 1882
This is an advertisement for Huntley & Palmers, a well known 19th Century biscuit manufacturing company. In 1822 Joseph Huntley opened an ironmongers opposite his brothers bakery in London Street, Reading. Joseph made airtight boxes for his brother Thomas’, biscuits so that they could be transported across the country staying fresh and unbroken. George Palmer joined the company in 1841 and introduced machinery to the biscuit production. By 1857, 5000 people were employed in their factory and it was the largest biscuit factory on the world. Palmer used their growing reputation to establish global links and soon biscuits were being exported to America, India and Australia.
Cook returning from the bazaar followed by a coolie carrying vegetables.-- Artist: Bani Lal (c.1850-1901) Medium: Watercolour Date: 1880
Watercolour of a cook returning from the bazaar, part of the Archer Collection, by Bani Lal (c.1850-1901), c. 1880.
The
artist Bani Lal was known for his watercolours that portray Indian
people performing trades and occupations. This drawing is rendered in
the Patna style of Company painting and depicts two men returning from a
bazaar. Company painting is a style of miniature painting that developed in the second half of the 18th century in response to the tastes and influences of the British serving with the East India Company. The style first emerged in Murshidabad in West Bengal and subsequentlyspread to other British centres, the most notable being Patna, Benares (Varanasi), Delhi andLucknow. Patna is in Bihar and is situated on the southern bank on the Ganges River.
Wednesday, July 14, 2010
Studio portrait of a father with his children at Delhi, taken by Shepherd and Robertson in c. 1863
This photograph is reproduced as illustration no. 197 in volume IV of 'The People of India' (1869). The image was shown at the Vienna Universal Exhibition in 1873 as part of an exhibit entitled 'The People of India' and consisting of 132 photographs from the publication. This photograph was shown in the section entitled 'Mahomedans' who were described as being "divided into four general classes...namely, Syud, Sheikh, Moghul and Pathan...The Moghuls are the descendants of of those immigrants into India who followed the Tartar and Toorky invasions, and who always constituted large proportions of the Imperial armies."
photograph of copper and iron mining scenes at Alwar in Rajasthan, taken by Thomas Cadell in c. 1873,
This image, possibly of the entrance to the Dareeba copper mine, is one of a series of photographs shown at the Vienna Exhibition of the same year and mentioned in the exhibition catalogue by John Forbes Watson. After photography was introduced into India in the 1840s it rapidly grew in popularity, particularly as a means to record the vast diversity of people and their dress, manners, trades, customs and religions. The first official attempt to create a comprehensive record of Indian types was the 'The People of India'; an ethnographical survey edited by J.F.Watson and John William Kaye, and published in eight volumes from 1868 to1875.
Photograph of bill collectors at Madras in Tamil Nadu, taken by Nicholas & Curths in c. 1870
After photography was introduced into India in the 1840s it rapidly grew in popularity, particularly as a means to record the vast diversity of people and their dress, manners, trades, customs and religions. The first official attempt to create a comprehensive record of Indian types was the 'The People of India'; an ethnographical survey edited by John Forbes Watson and John William Kaye, and published in eight volumes from 1868 to1875. This image of a group posed with bills at the doorway of a house is from the series of 'Photographs illustrating various native classes, occupations, &c....Native bill collectors,' shown at the Vienna Exhibition of 1873 and mentioned in Watson's catalogue of the Vienna Exhibition.
[money collected for export to Britain?]
portrait of Maharao Sir Raghubir Singh, who ruled the state of Bundi in Rajasthan from 1889-1927, was taken by the state photographer.1900
Ganpatrao Abajee Kale,Sir Raghubir Singh, ca. 1900
Indian interest in photography is attested to by the fact that many of the princely rulers maintained an official photographer as part of their entourage, much as their forebears had supported court painters. This portrait of Maharao Sir Raghubir Singh, who ruled the state of Bundi in Rajasthan from 1889-1927, was taken by the state photographer.
photograph of a cloth stamper seated at a low table on the verandah of a house in Western India, taken by Shivashanker Narayen in c. 1873,
The craft of block printing cotton fabrics is particularly associated with Gujarat. The motifs include flowers, animals, people and abstract designs. The wooden blocks, carved with the design to be printed, have a handle on the back. They are made from woods that are light in weight, gurjun (Dipterocarpus Turbinatus-Gaert) or seasoned teak (Tectona Grandis-Linn); the former wears better when used as a block. Fabrics are still printed this way in India to this day. This image is probably the photograph shown at the Vienna Exhibition of the same year, and described by Watson in catalogue as follows: 'Printing...This is done by wooden stamps, which are charged with the colouring matter, and applied one after the other as the design may require.'
unknown photographer in c. 1873--This image of a group of shoemakers seated at work on the verandah of a workshop
This image of a group of shoemakers seated at work on the verandah of a workshop was shown at the Vienna Universal Exhibition of 1873. After photography was introduced into India in the 1840s it rapidly grew in popularity, particularly as a means to record the vast diversity of people and their dress, manners, trades, customs and religions. The first official attempt to create a comprehensive record of Indian types was the 'The People of India'; an ethnographical survey edited by John Forbes Watson and John William Kaye, and published in eight volumes from 1868 to1875.
A portrait of the Punt Pratinidhi? of Satara, seated with his servants, taken by Hurrichund Chintamon c. 1867,
This photograph was exhibited in the Paris Exhibition of 1867. Punt Pratinidhi was a Brahmin, the priestly caste of the Hindus and the uppermost caste of society. Both British and Indian photographers assisted the archaeological survey. Chintamon was an Indian photographer who made a notable contribution to the book 'The People of India', published by the India Museum in 1868-75. After photography was introduced into India in the 1840s it rapidly grew in popularity, particularly as a means to record the vast diversity of people and their dress, manners, trades, customs and religions. Ethnographical prints were produced by large photographic firms operating in India as well as by smaller or temporary studios to meet European demands for souvenirs from the East. Figures, like those in this image, were often posed to display their characteristic attributes and artefacts. Chintamon set up the first photographic firm in Bombay.
Women preparing cowdung cakes for fuel, Ahmadabad--Photographer: Narayen, Shivashanker Medium: Photographic print Date: 1870
Photograph of two women fashioning cow dung into flat cakes at Ahmadabad in Gujarat, taken by Shivashanker Narayen in c. 1870, from the Archaeological Survey of India. Narayen contributed to the book 'The People of India', published by the India Museum in 1868-75. After photography was introduced into India in the 1840s it rapidly grew in popularity, particularly as a means to record the vast diversity of people and their dress, manners, trades, customs and religions. Cow dung is collected and made into flat round 'patties' which are dried on walls and roofs and then sold as fuel and used extensively on cooking fires and for heating. It has many other uses, including fertiliser and as a flooring material when mixed with mud and water.
Worker preparing thread for sari weaving ---Photographer: Shivashanker Narayen Medium: Photographic print Date: 1870
In the early 1860s the Governor General of India Lord Canning commissioned ethnographical photographs for the whole of India. This image showing a worker crouching beside a spinning wheel [charkha] and paying off thread to a reel at the right, is probably one of the series of views of cotton manufacture shown by Narayan at the Vienna Exhibition of 1873.
Photograph of a Bhisti filling his Pukhal at Surat in Gujarat, taken by Shivashanker Narayen in c. 1870,
This image shows a water carrier pouring water from a leather bucket into the leather container slung over the back of a bullock. A description in Volume IV of 'The People of India' by John Forbes Watson states, "A Bheestie or Pukkalli [using a bulllock - as in this image] is a domestic servant in every Mahomedan household in India which can afford to keep one. In wealthy families several may be kept, and in English families, regimental messes, and the like, the same custom prevails. Where a special servant cannot be afforded, Bheesties deliver as many potsful or skinsful as may be needed during the day, and are paid in proportion. They also serve in the regular army, both in the infantry and the cavalry &c. In the infantry one or two are attached to every company, European and Native, as it has also its barber and washerman. They accompany the regiment on its march, filling their bags from running streams or cool wells as fast as they are emptied by the thirsty soldiers. They also go into action their corps, supplying water under the hottest fire...In cavalry regiments a Pukkal Bheestie...is also on the establishment of every troop, in the proportion of one to twenty-five or thirty horses...The Pukkalli is very fond of his bullock, and takes great care of it." Watson and Kaye's 'The People of India', published in eight volumes from 1868 to1875, was the first official attempt to create a comprehensive record of Indian types.
photograph of turban folders at work in India, taken by Shivashanker Narayen in c. 1873,
This image, of a group of workers folding turbans on wooden model heads, was probably shown at the Vienna Universal Exhibition of the same year. After photography was introduced into India in the 1840s it rapidly grew in popularity, particularly as a means to record the vast diversity of people and their dress, manners, trades, customs and religions. The first official attempt to create a comprehensive record of Indian types was the 'The People of India'; an ethnographical survey edited by J.F.Watson and John William Kaye, and published in eight volumes from 1868 to1875.
Photograph of a gold puggree border weaver at work in India, taken by Shivashankar Narayan in c. 1873
This image shows a craftsman weaving the border of a puggree, an expensive turban, made of gold thread; thread which has been mixed with gold wire made from gold leaf melted onto silver bars and forced through small holes in a steel plate to form very fine gauge wires. Metal threads from India were considered less likely to tarnish than products from other sources. The pulleys of the narrow loom pictured are affixed to the wall opposite the weaver and also to the ceiling of the small workshop and there appear to be regimental badges attached to the wall. After photography was introduced into India in the 1840s it rapidly grew in popularity, particularly as a means to record the vast diversity of people and their dress, manners, trades, customs and religions.
Photograph of carpenters at work at Madras in Tamil Nadu, taken by Nicholas & Curths in c. 1870,
Carpenters and woodcarvers in Tamil Nadu come from the Kammaalar caste and the type of work performed is dictated by caste divisions. Carpenters produce complex carved work for temples, including temple cars, ornately carved front doors and verandah columns for houses, musical instruments and agricultural implements. After photography was introduced into India in the 1840s it rapidly grew in popularity, particularly as a means to record the vast diversity of people and their dress, manners, trades, customs and religions. Amateur photographers became increasingly interested in ethnography. In the early 1860s the Governor General of India Lord Canning commissioned ethnographical photographs for the whole of India
Photograph of two zardozis (gold lace makers) at Delhi in India, taken by Shepherd & Robertson in c. 1863,
This image is reproduced in 'The People of India', vol IV, (no. 187). The accompanying text states "The photograph shows a man at work, with his assistant, who may be required occasionally, but who for the present is looking on. The workman is seated on a rude stool, which has a rest for his right hand. The treadles of his simple loom, worked by his feet, are seen below, and the cross pieces above are the heddles and strings which hold his materials for the pattern he is working, and which is effected by skilful manipulation...Thus are woven some of the most wonderful and beautiful fabrics in the world. Tissues of gold and silver, plain and figured, with and without a mixture of silk or cotton in flowers and patterns; gold and silver tissue lace of all breadths and patterns, used for trimming scarves, and for bridal dresses; larger scarves of muslin and tissue combined, as those of Benares; and that wonderful cloth of gold called kumkhab or kincob, which is without parallel in the ornamental manufactures of the world. All these are comparatively little known as yet in Europe; but in the various International Exhibitions in England and France, specimens have been exhibited, which have excited alike wonder and admiration." It was held that metal threads from India were less likely to tarnish than similar products from other sources.
Domestic servants at Madras in Tamil Nadu, taken by Nicholas & Curths in c. 1870,
Posed studio group of domestic servants at Madras in Tamil Nadu, taken
by Nicholas & Curths in c. 1870, from the Archaeological Survey of
India Collections.
After photography was introduced into India in the 1840s it rapidly grew
in popularity, particularly as a means to record the vast diversity of
people and their dress, manners, trades, customs and religions. The
first official attempt to create a comprehensive record of Indian types
was the 'The People of India'; an ethnographical survey edited by John
Forbes Watson and John William Kaye, and published in eight volumes from
1868 to1875. This image shows four domestic servants in a European
household posed in the act of performing various tasks. It was shown at
the Vienna Exhibition of 1873 and is mentioned in Watson's exhibition
catalogue.
HORSE TRAMS AND HORSE CARRIAGES SHIPS AND OTHER VEHICLES -BOMBAY-OLD
IndiaTICCA GADIS. These
horse-drawn Victorian carriages that were the only mode of transport to
come to Bombay in 1882 after The Bombay Tramway Company Limited was
formally set up in 1873. Motor taxis were introduced in 1911 whereas
motor buses started plying in 1926. Today, the Victorias in front of the
Taj have been replaced by black and yellow taxis. But, one can still
hire a Ticca Gadi for a negotiated sum and drive along the sea face for
an experience.
HORSE DRAWN TRAM IN COLABA
MARINE DRIVE 1950
VT STATION 1885 SHOWING HORSE TRAMS(BEFORE ARRIVAL OF CARS)
Bhendy Bazaar, Mumbai (1880)
Reversing Stations and Catch sidings
BOMBAY B.E.S.T. TRAMS
B.E.S.T[ BOMBAY ELECTRIC SUPPY AND TRANSPORT]. BUS BOMBAY 1926
SINGLE DECKER SKODA -TROLLEY BUS
BEST VESTIBULE BUS
VESTIBULE BUS
SINGLE DECKER ELECTRIC TRAM IN FRONT OF VT STATION BOMBAY
DOUBLE DECKER TRAM ;B.E.S.T. COMPANY;BOMBAY
BEST TOURIST BUS 1926
Limited Bus Service
BEST TROLLEY BUS
BEST TRAILER BUS
BEST TRAIN TYPE[ONE PULLING SECOND] BUS
PASSENGER SHIPS ;BEFORE AIR TRAVEL BECAME POPULAR IN 1950/60
In 1881 Mahatma Gandhi sailed from Bombay (now Mumbai) to Marseilles on P&O's Clyde. 50 Years later he repeated the journey onboard Rajputana from where is this picture with Captain H.M. Jack. Rajputana was torpedoed in 1941 .
The Duke of Marlborough (4th from left) and Consuela, Duchess of Marlborough (2nd from left) relaxing on board the P&O liner Arabia on its trip from Marseilles to Bombay en route to the Delhi Durbar. Original Artwork: From the Durbar Delhi Album 1902/3
P&O 'Ranchi' Lounge
LIFE ON P&O LINES 1940-60
The SS Ranchi was built for the Peninsular & Oriental Steam
Navigation Company (P&O) by Hawthorn Leslie & Co. at Newcastle
Upon Tyne, England and was launched on 24 January 1925. Her gross
registered tonnage was 16,650, her length was 547 feet and her beam 71
feet. She was one of the P&O 'R' class liners from 1925 that had
much of their interiors designed by Lord Inchcape's daughter Elsie
Mackay[1].
Named after Ranchi, the capital city of Jharkhand state in eastern
India, she sailed on a regular route between England and Bombay, India.
Later she sailed to the Far East. She carried 600 passengers.
The SS Ranchi was requisitioned into the Royal Navy on 27 August 1939
(at the onset of World War II) and commissioned on 23 October 1939 as
the armed merchant cruiser HMS Ranchi (Pennant F15). As an armed
merchant cruiser, her gross registered tonnage was 16,738.
Her sister ships SS Rawalpindi, SS Rajputana and SS Ranpura were also
converted to armed merchant cruisers. Except for small corvettes, the
converted passenger ships like HMS Ranchi were the only armed protection
for most of the early convoys. With their six-inch guns, they were the
only escorts that could engage German surface ships. Very few convoys
received the protection of the larger cruisers or battleships.
From October 1939 until February 1942 she served the East Indies
Station; from March 1942 until January 1943 she was part of the Eastern
Fleet (Indian Ocean). She was returned and use as a troopship by the
Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) on 16 March 1943.
Two months after the end of World War II in the Pacific, in October
1945 the Ranchi sailed from Singapore to Southampton carrying amongst
others released prisoners of war and civilian internees recently
liberated from Japanese camps. Hilda Bates, who had been interned in
Batu Lintang camp at Kuching, Borneo, wrote on 23 October 1945: "We are
now speeding towards England aboard the S.S. Ranchi, which is packed
with troops and other ex P.O.W.s like ourselves ... In our cabin there
are twelve women, - five of who[m] are returning home as widows.
the company’s 172-year history. 
Photos of life aboard the P&O’s Chusan during the 1950s and 1960s.
SS Iberia as seen from the SS Chusan. 1960s.
Many Americans and Canadians can join in this search for historical information on the ships.
Officers and Passengers – 1958 – the beginning of the Love Boat? Aboard the Orcades docked in Sydney.
Cunard’s RMS Queen Mary and P&O’s Iberia in New York during the 1960s.
P&O is appealing to travelers and collectors to find souvenirs, keepsakes and mementoes of past voyages so they can be put on display on Azura during her maiden season, and then exhibited as part of a traveling heritage display on the line’s fleet of seven ships.
Family returns from Australia to England aboard the Canberra in the 1960s.
Managing director Carol Marlow said: “P&O Cruises began in 1837 and is proud of its long and illustrious history as Britain’s oldest cruise line. The launch of Azura seemed a fitting time to celebrate this heritage by exhibiting memorabilia and works of art associated with our fleet.
Play this YOUTUBE video of P&O’s SS HIMALAYA – with photos of the famous ship. The ship served on the liner run from the UK to Asia, Australia and the North America. She later cruised from Alaska to the Carribean. This collection of “cruise history” is what P&O is looking for in connection with their new ship AZURA.
“I am sure that many people have items of historical importance and sentimental relevance which we would love to share with all our passengers and have on loan for Azura’s maiden season.
P&O merged with the Orient Lines. This is a scene in Hong Kong of the Orcades arriving.
“So whether people have Canberra on camera, images of Iberia or a souvenir from Strathaird or Strathmore, we want to share the stories. Our ships have played a significant part in the shaping of the cruise industry and I am sure that this collection will evoke many memories of cruises past.”
Scenes aboard various P&O liners during the 1960s. Deck Quoits and Horse Racing.
If you have anything you think might be suitable, send a photograph and a description of the item in an envelope marked “Memorabilia” to Michele Andjel, P&O Cruises, Carnival House, 100 Harbour Parade, Southampton SO15 1ST
Or email it to michele.andjel@carnivalukgroup.com
A P&0 dance orchestra on Spanish Night.
But don’t plan on making a fortune by snapping up souvenirs on eBay and selling them to P&O for a profit. The items will be on loan, and your kindness and generosity will be marked by having your name on a card in a glass display case.
British Officer and Indian Steward from Goa aboard P&O.
Young Officers relaxing on the CANBERRA.
P&O’s SS CHUSAN
First Class Lunch Menu on the SS Chusan – 1960.
BRITISH COLONIAL SOLDIERS TRAVELLING BY TRAM
1931 BOMBAY FLYING CLUB
The Troopships 1902 to 1922
TAROBABuilt: 1902;Dumbarton.
Built at the same yard as her sister Tara with the same problem of passenger distribution she entered service on the Calcutta - Singapore route. She was requisitioned for three periods as a transport between 1914 to May of 1916 during which time she trooped India to Aden, loaded horses and mules at Marseilles for discharge at Basra and finally picked up troops at Suez. She served in the Liner Requisition Scheme from 1917 to 1919 and then returned for service with British India until finally being sold for scrap to purchasers in Genoa on the 13th May 1924 who then moved her on at a profit to other Italian Shipbreakers.
COCONADABuilt: 1910 Glasgow.
Coconada along with her sister Chilka were built for the Coromandel Coast Rangoon service. She became an Indian Expeditionary Force Transport from August of 1914 to July of 1916 in the main trooping the Meeruts Karachi - Marseilles and Karachi - Suez.
In November of 1916 she broke from her buoys during a cyclone at Madras leaving her Commander Captain Lime with no other option but to put to sea and ride out the storm. In total darkness he managed to steer his ship through a harbour full of drifting ships in itself a magnificent piece of seamanship with only slight damage to the forecastle caused by the starboard anchor. In May of 1917 she came under the Liner Requistion Scheme and served as an Expeditionary Force Transport from November 1918 until November 1919 where she spent sometime in the Pacific sailing from Vancouver to Hong Kong via Japan. She ran aground six miles south of Gopalpur on the 12th of October 1921 fortunately being successfully refloated and towed to Coconada by the Purnea. She was sold on the 1st of September 1933 to the Scinda Steam Navigation Company of Bombay and renamed Jaladurga. She was requisitioned once more for war duties in February of 1941 and at War's end was transferred to the Singapore - Bangkok trades, it was whilst on these trades that she sank in Bombay. She was successfully raised and repaired and continued on her normal services before being finally called to the colours once more when she carried Indian trrops to Korea in 1953. She was finally sold for scrap in 1954 and work commenced at Bombay in the following year after an incredible 44 years of service.
EGRABuilt : 1911 Belfast.
She entered service in August of 1911 and in September of 1914 trooped to Marseilles, she also attended the Basra Landings in the December of the same year and spent the remainder of the war as a Troop Transport. In 1922 she ran aground off Amoy but the remainder of her pre- Second War career was uneventful. She served as a Troop Transport from July 1940 to November of 1946 seeing service Karachi Basra April 1941, August 1941 Bombay- Port Swettenham. On the 26th of November 1943 she was in convoy with Rohna when the latter was sank by a glider bomb and in January of 1945 she was a Supply and Troop Transport for the Kyaukpyu Landings in Burma. Just before decommissioning she grounded in the Hooghly on the 27th of October 1946 and it wasn't until the 7th of November that she was refloated. She remained in service until January 1950 before being sold for scrap to the Steel Corporation of Bombay on the 1st of February at the time she was the longest serving ship in the BI Fleet
ERINPURA
The Erinpura was one of seven sisters built at four different shipyards for the Bpay of Bengal/Singapore Straits Service, one of the most successful, profitable and long lasting groups in the History of British India. It was also said that these ships were amongst the handsomest and graceful ships that the Company had ever built, certainly powerful lookers. Erinpura also had the distinction of being the first British India ship built for Eastern Service to be fitted with radio. She was distinguished from her sisters by the fact her Bridge deck extended right aft.
In 1914 she boarded troops at Karachi and joined a massive convoy mainly British India, bound for Marseilles, she then trooped to Sanniya in Iraq. On Christmas Eve of 1914 she ran aground crossing the Muhanrah Bar whilst on passage up the river to Abadan. After applying full power astern she was able to release herself but unfortunately was unable to slow and found herself striking the opposite bank damaging her rudder. After jury-rigging using the aft winches Erinpura was able to make the return voyage to Bombay.
Erinpura in Hospital Ship Livery
In 1915 she was again engaged in trooping this time between Marseilles and Port Said. In August of 1916 she was converted to a Hospital Ship for the Indian Expeditionary Force having 475 beds and a medical staff of 104, she was employed mainly on the Basra-Bombay Service from November 1917 to June 1919 she became an Ambulance Transport on the same route.
On the 15th June 1919 she ran aground homeward bound Bombay/Marseilles on the Mushejera Reef in the Red Sea, ninety-six miles North West of Perim. HMS Topaze answered her call for assistance, lifting all her passengers and troops before transporting them onto Aden. HMS Topaze returned with Perim Salvage Co.'s tug and attempted to pull Erinpura free. Their efforts failed and the ship remained stuck. Even British India ships calling with stores all attempted to pull her off, none succeeded and with the bad weather season approaching the ship was abandoned leaving just a skeleton maintenance crew onboard. It was decided to cut the ship just for'd of the Bridge returning the stern section to Aden and leaving the bow firmly in the grip of the reef. British India had to repurchase the stern section from the insurers and placed an order for a new bow from her original builders Dennys. The Company's ships Waroonga and Kapurthala successfully towed the stern section to Bombay, I believe at this time she was jokingly referred to as the longest ship in the world 'bow in Dumbarton, stern in Bombay'.
Military aviation came to India in Dec 1915, when a flight of Bristol BE2cs of the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) arrived in Bombay and moved to Risalpur and Nowshera to support various Royal Army expeditions in the NWFP.
Bristol Bombay - K 3583
The first production
Bristol Bombay - K 3583
- flew in March 1939 and was to be the basis for the post War Bristol Type 170 Freighter, Wayfarer and Superfreighter
Following the success during the Second World War of the twin engined
Bristol Type 130 Bombay
The Bristol Bombay was built to Air Ministry Specification C. 26/31 which called for a monoplane bomber-transport aircraft to replace the Vickers Valentia biplane in use in the Middle East and India. ... Bristol's design, the Type 130, was a high-wing cantilever monoplane of all-metal construction.
utility aircraft in the Middle East theatre of operations, the Bristol
Type 170 was devised along similar lines but with a much larger fuselage
and simplified single fin tail and two-spar wing construction. It was
also to be more specialised as a rugged heavy duty freighter with low
initial and running costs and easy maintainance without the use of any
special tools. Indeed, initial projections were for just one man hour of
maintenance per aircraft hour of flight.The production
Type 130 Bombay
had been introduced in 1939 as one of the first large twin engined monoplane designs to serve with the Royal Air Force. Built to meet Air Ministry specification C.26/31 for an aircraft capable of carrying 24 fully armed troops, 10 stretcher cases as an air ambulance or equivalent mixed freight, the high seven-spar cantilever winged fixed-undercarriage Bombay used lessons learned from Bristol's unique twin engined Bagshot fighter ( J7765 ) of 1927. The oval sectioned monocoque steel strip and aluminium fueslage frame of the Bombay was covered by a stressed Alclad skin. Alclad - an American invention - consisted of the lightweight but potentially corrosion prone Duralumin coated with a thin film of pure aluminium.
For civil aircraft specification 22/44 Bristol designer Archibald E. Russell had retained the wide tracked fixed undercarriage of the Bombay but gave the wing - with the same section and taper ratio - a swept leading and straight trailing edge.
The Indian Gift Squadrons and CITY OF BOMBAY AND BOMBAY CITY bomber planes gifted to royal air force 1943
Jun 12, 2017 - A look at RAF Squadrons gifted by Indian people ..
WORLD WAR II
The Indian Gift Squadrons
A look at RAF Squadrons gifted by Indian people
Spitfire VB BM 252 “Bombay City” while serving with No 132 Bombay Gift Squadron RAF in 1942
Flt Lt HJL Hallowes at Turnhouse with “City of Bombay” another Indian
gift Spitfire given to No. 122 Squadron, RAF. The aircraft is BM 252,
MT-E.
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“Assam one” an Indian gift Spitfire Mk IIA P 8167 of No 266 Sqn RAF at Wittering in Jul 41
Royal Aircraft factory BE2c “Punjab 40 Lahore 3” was presented for £1,500 in the first war
Vickers Gunbus FE2b |
Royal Aircraft factory FE2b Gunbus “Bhopal”
Messerschmit
Bf 109 E (?) shot down by No 253 Hyderabad Gift squadron over Britain.
The wreck (right) finally ended up in a Gulbarga Engineering College
(now in Karnataka) and is embroiled in a legal battle over its dubious
sale to a British collector.
Mechanics stand in front of their Bombay Aircraft. July 1939
car
was an Indian member of a ship's crew. The P&O began using them
when the company's routes extended east of Suez in the 1840s.
Traditionally they were recruited from along the coasts of India and
from the Laccadive and Maldive islands. The P&O's Captain Baillie
said of Indian crew members in 1957 "I have never failed to appreciate
the cleanliness, discipline and comfort of our ships in which the deck
hands are lascars and the stewards mostly Goanese".. Image from National Maritime Museum
model of 'Sir Lancelot' (Br, 1865)-After 1883 the 'Sir Lancelot' traded mainly between Bombay,
House flag, Anchor Line Ltd-1856- In 1875 the company started a service to Bombay and in 1882 another to Calcutta.
House flag, Bibby Line Brothers and Co.1805-By the 1830s Bibby Ships were sailing to Bombay
House flag, Scindia Steam Navigation Co. Ltd
House flag, Bombay Steam Navigation Co. Ltd
The
house flag of the Bombay Steam Navigation Co. Ltd, Bombay. A white
burgee with a red five-pointed star in the centre. The flag is made of a
wool and synthetic fibre bunting. It has a cotton hoist and is machine
sewn.
The Indiaman 'Thomas Coutts'
The capture of Geriah, February 1756
Attack made on the Fort of Geriah .
Attack made on the Fort of Geriah .
Geriah was a stronghold of the notorious and formidable Maratha pirate Tulagee Angria. One of a family of Indian pirates plundering the trade carried in East India Company ships, he operated off India's Malabar coast between Bombay and Goa, known as the Pirate Coast. Angria had strongholds on the little island of Severndroog, which had been captured by Commodore James in 1755, south of Bankote, or Fort Victoria, and at Geriah, south of Ratnagiri. Late in 1755 an expedition consisting of Royal, Company and Mahrattan ships was organised to destroy it, together with a contingent of Company troops under Lieutenant Colonel Clive. The expedition was commanded by Rear-Admiral Watson with Rear-Admiral Pocock as his second in command. In anticipation of an attack, Angria made a deal with the Mahrattans to give them Geriah, if the attack was called off. Although they agreed, Watson was determined to destroy it, and carried out a bombardment on 12 February 1756. Although he silenced the defence batteries, it was necessary to open fire again on 13 February before the final surrender the next day. Apart from the destruction of Angria's arsenal and fleet, 130,000 of spices and valuables were found. Angria's wife and family were spared and Angira himself escaped and fled.. Image from National Maritime Museum
Loss of the East Indiaman 'Kent': catching fire, 1 March 1825
One of a pair of paintings, showing the East Indiaman 'Kent' catching fire on 1 March 1825, see also BHC2273. The ship was owned by Stewart Marjoribanks and came into service with the East India Company in 1820. It undertook two voyages for the Company to Bengal, Bombay and China before disaster struck in 1825. Commanded by Henry Cobb, the 'Kent' sailed from the Downs on 19 February 1825 for a third voyage to Bengal and China. However, on 1 March 1825 in the Bay of Biscay, following two days of storms, the ship caught fire, reportedly from an accident with a naked light by malefactors attempting to steal liquor from her hold. The 'Kent' was carrying some 700 people, mainly soldiers of the 31st regiment and their families, when the fire broke out. Efforts were made to extinguish the flames by scuttling the lower ports to flood the hold, but fearing the vessel would sink the ports had to be shut. A sailor sent aloft reported another vessel nearby and an elaborate rescue effort commenced. In mountainous seas the ship's boats were used to ferry passengers and crew to the brig 'Cambrian', captained by Captain Cooke and bound for Vera Cruz carrying Cornish miners. Having saved the majority of the ships complement the overcrowded brig made for Falmouth and after two days and three nights arrived safely. However a number of those saved from the 'Kent' perished during the journey, including a substantial number of children..
National Maritime Museum - Greenwich London
East Indiamen in the China seas;This large painting is believed to depict the 'Winchelsea' and other Indiamen at sea. The subject of Indiamen in the East was a familiar one to Huggins who had probably begun his working life at sea and served in the East India Company as a steward and assistant purser on board the 'Perseverance', which sailed for Bombay and China in December 1812, returning in August 1814. He had established himself as a marine painter by 1817, close to the London headquarters of the Company in Leadenhall Street, where he worked for the rest of his life.. Image from National Maritime Museum
Additional information
'John Wood Approaching Bombay', c1850. At this time the East India Company was still governing India. The company was founded in 1600 to challenge the Dutch and Portuguese dominance of the spice trade from the Far East. The East India Company lost its administrative functions in India in 1858 after its role in the Indian Mutiny the previous year.'John Wood Approaching Bombay', c1850 |
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John Wood Approaching Bombay, C1850 ...
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Three Bombayites, from the Illustrated London News, 1872: 1. Mahratta Brahmin; 2. Parsee woman; 3. Parsee*
Jamsetjee Bomanjee Wadia (1756-1821), (oil painting byJ. Dorman) and the American national anthem
He was a great Indian shipbuilder and was the master-builder at Bombay
Dockyard from 1792 to 1821, a post he shared with his cousin Framji
Manackjee until the latter's death in 1804. Although their work had been
praised by successive British commanders-in-chief in India, from
Admiral Sir Edward Hughes in 1781 onwards, the seal was set on Jamsetjee
Bomanjee's work when he laid down
the 'Minden'. This was the first ship of the line to be built for the Royal Navy out of England.
MNIATURE MODEL OF MINDEN
Like all the Bombay ships she was built of teak and very strong and durable. On her delivery to England their Lordships of the Admiralty sent Bomanjee a letter of appreciation and a piece of plate.
The one ship that the Wadias built and of most historic significance for Parsis is the H.M.S. Minden.
The Bombay Courier, June 23, 1810 wrote:
“On Tuesday last His Majesty’s Ship, the “Minden” built in the new docks (Bombay) by Jamshedji Bomanji Wadia was floated into the stream at high water, after the usual ceremony of breaking the bottle had been performed by the Honorable Governor Jonathan Duncan.
In having produced the “Minden”, Bombay is entitled to the distinguished praise of providing the first and only British ship of the line built out of the limits of the Mother Country; and in the opinion of very competent judges, the “Minden”, for beauty of construction and strength of frame, may stand in competition with any man-o-war that has come out of the most celebrated Dockyards of Great Britain. For the skill of its architects, for the superiority of its timber, and for the excellence of its docks, Bombay may now claim a distinguished place among naval arsenals”.
A young American lawyer, Francis Scott Key was sent on board the British ship “Minden”, in Chesapeake Bay to negotiate the release of a friend who had been captured after the defeat of the US forces in Maryland. Key was detained on the ship overnight while the British attacked Baltimore. “At the dawn’s early light” amidst the “rockets’ red glare”, he saw the American flag still flying high over Fort McHenry which inspired him to hurriedly scribble on an envelope a poem, that was to become :-
the Star Spangled Banner, national anthem of United States of America!
And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air,[battle_of_fort_mchenry.]
He also built four more two-deckers for the Navy. The lower hull of one of these, the 74-gun 'Cornwallis' of 1813, survived in use as depot ship and floating jetty at Sheerness from the 1870s to 1957, when it was still so strong that it had to be broken up using explosives. A model of 'Cornwallis', built by Jamsetjee's son at the same time as the ship, is the largest sailing warship model in the National Maritime Museum collection
{In the portrait the sitter is wearing a shawl and it was customary for the ship-builders to be given shawls by the representatives of the East India Company at the launching of a new ship. Jamsetjee Bomanjee was one of the famous Lowjee family of Parsi shipbuilders active in Bombay from the early 19th century and was highly respected there and by the East India Company Court of Directors in London. He was also the first Parsi entrusted by the Admiralty with the building of a man-of-war in India.}
the 'Minden'. This was the first ship of the line to be built for the Royal Navy out of England.
MNIATURE MODEL OF MINDENLike all the Bombay ships she was built of teak and very strong and durable. On her delivery to England their Lordships of the Admiralty sent Bomanjee a letter of appreciation and a piece of plate.
The one ship that the Wadias built and of most historic significance for Parsis is the H.M.S. Minden.
The Bombay Courier, June 23, 1810 wrote:
“On Tuesday last His Majesty’s Ship, the “Minden” built in the new docks (Bombay) by Jamshedji Bomanji Wadia was floated into the stream at high water, after the usual ceremony of breaking the bottle had been performed by the Honorable Governor Jonathan Duncan.
In having produced the “Minden”, Bombay is entitled to the distinguished praise of providing the first and only British ship of the line built out of the limits of the Mother Country; and in the opinion of very competent judges, the “Minden”, for beauty of construction and strength of frame, may stand in competition with any man-o-war that has come out of the most celebrated Dockyards of Great Britain. For the skill of its architects, for the superiority of its timber, and for the excellence of its docks, Bombay may now claim a distinguished place among naval arsenals”.
A young American lawyer, Francis Scott Key was sent on board the British ship “Minden”, in Chesapeake Bay to negotiate the release of a friend who had been captured after the defeat of the US forces in Maryland. Key was detained on the ship overnight while the British attacked Baltimore. “At the dawn’s early light” amidst the “rockets’ red glare”, he saw the American flag still flying high over Fort McHenry which inspired him to hurriedly scribble on an envelope a poem, that was to become :-
the Star Spangled Banner, national anthem of United States of America!
The Star Spangled Banner Lyrics By Francis Scott Key 1814  Oh, say can you see by the dawn's early light What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming? Whose broad stripes and bright stars thru the perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming? And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. Oh, say does that star-spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave? On the shore, dimly seen through the mists of the deep, Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes, What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep, As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam, In full glory reflected now shines in the stream: 'Tis the star-spangled banner! Oh long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave! And where is that band who so vauntingly swore That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion, A home and a country should leave us no more! Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution. No refuge could save the hireling and slave From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave: And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave! Oh! thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand Between their loved home and the war's desolation! Blest with victory and peace, may the heav'n rescued land Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation. Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just, And this be our motto: "In God is our trust." And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave! |
And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air,[battle_of_fort_mchenry.]
He also built four more two-deckers for the Navy. The lower hull of one of these, the 74-gun 'Cornwallis' of 1813, survived in use as depot ship and floating jetty at Sheerness from the 1870s to 1957, when it was still so strong that it had to be broken up using explosives. A model of 'Cornwallis', built by Jamsetjee's son at the same time as the ship, is the largest sailing warship model in the National Maritime Museum collection
{In the portrait the sitter is wearing a shawl and it was customary for the ship-builders to be given shawls by the representatives of the East India Company at the launching of a new ship. Jamsetjee Bomanjee was one of the famous Lowjee family of Parsi shipbuilders active in Bombay from the early 19th century and was highly respected there and by the East India Company Court of Directors in London. He was also the first Parsi entrusted by the Admiralty with the building of a man-of-war in India.}
1950-BOMBAY
AMBASSADOR HOTEL
,+India%3B+about+1950+2.jpg)
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GPO(POSTOFFICE)
FLORA FOUNTAIN WAS A TAXI STAND -SEE THE OLD TAXIS CHEVROLET/FORDS/AUSTINS
| Title: | Tata Power |
| Caption: | The Tata hydro-electric works in the Bhor Ghats, Bombay, providing electricity for the whole city, circa 1950. (Photo by Keystone/Hulton Archive/Getty Images) |
| Date created: | 01 Jan 1950 |
BOMBAY-DADAR-PORTUGESE CHURH -BEFORE DEMOLITION AND REPLACED BY A GROTESQUE BUILDING IN 1950'S
Catholic Community Church of N. S. da Salvacao ; Dadar Lower Mahim built in 1651rebuilt in 1914 ; Bombay Mumbai ; Maharashtra
- Image ID: ET5K7F
Catholic Community Church of N. S. da Salvacao ; Dadar Lower Mahim built in 1651rebuilt in 1914 ; Bombay Mumbai ; Maharashtra
Contributor:
Dinodia Photos
/ Alamy Stock Photo
Image ID: ET5K7F
File size:
25.9 MB (1.9 MB Compressed download)
Dimensions: 3300 x 2743 px | 27.9 x 23.2 cm | 11 x 9.1 inches | 300dpi
Photographer:
Dinodia Photos RM
Date taken: 2 March 2009
You might also like SEE THE NEW "MODERN"CHURCH MADE AT THE SAME SITE BELOW
THE CATHOLIC PRIEST OF THAT TIME BECAME ENAMORED WITH "AMERICAN"(MODERN) ARCHITECTURE;DESTROYED THE CENTURIES OLD CHURCH AND MADE THE NEW GROTESQUE CURCH
IT WAS NOT HIS FAULT ,PEOPLE ALSO HAD NO KNOWLEDGE OF CONSERVATION OF BUILDINGS/NATURE/ETC TILL 1980 .NOW CONSERVATION IS THE MANTRA/PASSION/FASHION ALL ROLLED TOGETHER
THE CATHOLIC PRIEST OF THAT TIME BECAME ENAMORED WITH "AMERICAN"(MODERN) ARCHITECTURE;DESTROYED THE CENTURIES OLD CHURCH AND MADE THE NEW GROTESQUE CURCH
IT WAS NOT HIS FAULT ,PEOPLE ALSO HAD NO KNOWLEDGE OF CONSERVATION OF BUILDINGS/NATURE/ETC TILL 1980 .NOW CONSERVATION IS THE MANTRA/PASSION/FASHION ALL ROLLED TOGETHER
Sunday, September 12, 2010
Victoria Terminus 1908 Bombay
Sepoys of the 3rd Battalion at Bombay. Engraving published in London by M. Darly in 1773
The city’s first Metro train with four coaches for the Versova-Andheri-Ghatkopar (VAG) corridor arrived at a private port—GTI adjacent to Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT). The train has been taken to Metro’s Versova depot. Equipped with air-conditioned coaches, sophisticated video and audio communication systems and a black box, the train has a unique lubrication system that spreads liquid on the track while taking turns, thus keeping noise levels to only 62 decibels. The spanking new silverpink rake, covered in a plastic, was sailed in from Shanghai in China where it was designed and manufactured by CSR Nanjing Puzhen Rolling Stock Co Ltd.
PUNJAB MAIL-BOMBAY VT - FEROZEPORE[The Punjab Mail in the 1930s behind an EA/1 (later WCP/1) locomotive]
PUNJAB MAIL 1930
The Punjab Mail leaves New Delhi for FThe Punjab Mail leaves New Delhi for Ferozepore behind a WP in the early 1970serozepore behind a WP in the early 1970sPU
PUNJAB MAIL 1970
PUNJAB MAIL 1980
BOMBAY CENTRAL STATION-1960
Bristol Bombay - K 3583
Bristol Bombay - K 3583 - flew in March 1939 and was to be the basis for the post War Bristol Type 170 Freighter, Wayfarer and Superfreighter
WAS A success during the Second World War
1934-FIRST AIR CONDITIONED TRAIN[ Frontier Mail ] IN INDIA USED ICE BLOCKS TO COOL THE TRAIN
The
airconditioning system in those days used ice blocks, carried
in sealed receptacles built beneath the car floor. These were
replenished at several halts along the line. A battery operated
blower constantly blew air into these receptacles, and the cold
air entered the insulated cars through vents. Very basic, very
messy, but the effect was very pleasant indeed. Today, the
thought of huge ice blocks being pushed into the underfloor ice
receptacles at every other stop is daunting enough!
During
the winter months of September through December, the Frontier
Mail used to depart from Ballard Pier Mole station. British
journalists at that time used to refer to this train as the
'duplicate portion' of the Frontier Mail. Ballard Pier Mole
station was an ideal hop on point for the several British ladies
and gentlemen arriving from England by steamer. It was also a
pick up point for mail brought in from Europe by the P & O
mail steamer. It is interesting to note that when the train left Ballard
Pier Mole station, it traversed over the tracks of the Bombay
Port Trust Railway, Great Indian Peninsula Railway, and only
then eventually crossed onto the metals of the Bombay Baroda and
Central India Railway.
The competition between the BB & CI and GIP Railways is almost legendary. As long ago as 1855, when the GIP Railway was struggling to obtain approval from England for construction of a line across the Western Ghats, the rival BB& CI Railway jumped in with its proposal that an alternative route via Baroda would be more practicable, it would avoid the arduous ghats, and this new line could connect with the East Indian Railway, something which the GIP Railway had been hoping to achieve once it got permission to cross the ghats anyway. Beginning with that, the competiton carried on till both the Railways had their own trains running from Bombay to Peshawar: the GIP's Punjab Limited, and now the BB & CI's Frontier Mail.
FIRST AIR CONDITIONED COMPARTMENT [INDIANS WERE ALLOWED INSIDE?! OR WAS IT ONLY FOR THE WHITE MEN?}
Workmen top off a reefer's top-mounted bunkers with crushed ice.
The competition between the BB & CI and GIP Railways is almost legendary. As long ago as 1855, when the GIP Railway was struggling to obtain approval from England for construction of a line across the Western Ghats, the rival BB& CI Railway jumped in with its proposal that an alternative route via Baroda would be more practicable, it would avoid the arduous ghats, and this new line could connect with the East Indian Railway, something which the GIP Railway had been hoping to achieve once it got permission to cross the ghats anyway. Beginning with that, the competiton carried on till both the Railways had their own trains running from Bombay to Peshawar: the GIP's Punjab Limited, and now the BB & CI's Frontier Mail.
FIRST AIR CONDITIONED COMPARTMENT [INDIANS WERE ALLOWED INSIDE?! OR WAS IT ONLY FOR THE WHITE MEN?}
BOMBAY -General view of a new restaurant car for the Frontier Mail, circa 1929 , Interior of the car . One of the Frontier's restaurant cars was named 'Queen of Rajputana'.
The
Frontier Mail's dining car was not very large, but it was
spacious. There was no air conditioning, but ceiling fans cooled
the car interior quite efficiently. White damask on the tables
coupled with white napkins was a cumpolsory feature.
Silver
cutlery and exquisite crockery with crystal fruit platters were
placed on each table, along with salt and pepper shakers. The
table settings had to be perfect,with different forks and knives
for each course. Immaculately clean and hygienicApart from catering, the catering company was also expected to service the rest rooms at various stations in Gujarat. Since the dining car service was offered to first class passengers only, every single detail had to be taken care of. Any tarnished cutlery was sent for replating. Any chipped crockey too was promptly discarded.
Separate menu cards were provided for breakfast, luncheon and dinner.
It was a joke in the railway circles of yesteryear that if a youth wanted to lure his lady love into eloping with him, he would entice here to ride on the Frontier Mail. Even today, the Frontier is a much favored train among honeymooners, due to the cosy coupes offered.
On Armstice day[Armistice Day is the anniversary of the official end of World War I, November 11, 1918. It commemorates the armistice signed between the Allies and Germany at Compiègne, France, for the cessation of hostilities on the Western Front], a special 'Frontier Mail' was run by the BB&CI Railway from Bombay. Souvenirs were distributed to the passengers travelling on the train, which was then the fastest daily service in India. The restaurant car was tastefully decorated with poppies as a symbol of Armstice Day. In this pic, taken at the Ballard Pier Station in Bombay, Lady Jackson (wife of Sir Ernst Jackson, Agent, BB&CIR) is seen placing a bouquet of poppies on the engine of the special train. (Picture supplied by John Lacey.)
All
the Frontier Mail's upper class cars had electric lighting and
fans. The restaurant car was liberally stocked with an abundant
supply of newspapers, magazines, 'News Bulletins', books,
stationery, and playing cards.
The
restuarant car, when not in use, would be kept open for use as a
lounge car, serving light refreshments. The rolling stock at
that time was of the latest pattern, complete with every modern
convenience. In keeping with an almost unanimous desire from the
traveling gentry, the train was specifically comprised of 'non
corridor' stock throughout, which offered a certain
degree of privacy and space, something so very important on such
a long journey. In fact, the snooty British sahebs mention that
'this is also for the first time these facilities have been offered to
passengers in India'.
Dhobi Ghats(concrete wash pens for cloths)to automatic washing machine1951,
Dhobis call on regular clients, collect their dirty clothes and then take them to the Dhobi Ghats;which has rows of concrete wash pens, each with its own flogging stone.
The Dhobi sloshes dirty linen into a soapy water mixture, thrashing them with the flogging stones, and then puts the linen into huge vats of starch. After which being dried, they are ironed and delivered to the owners.
This is however not a standard practice of dhobis in general. In a large number of areas in the country, dhobis have migrated to washing machines and dryers, using the modern detergents.
In the more rural parts in India, clothes are taken to the nearest river or canal, preferably one with huge rocks or boulders on the banks and then flogged on these. They are then spread out over the nearest grassy land, and dried.
Dhoby Ghaut is a place in Singapore that often refers to the Dhoby Ghaut MRT Station, a major interchange station on the Mass Rapid Transit of Singapore.
How on Earth did a glitzy part of Singapore get the name Dhoby Ghaut?
Dhoby Ghaut (/ˌðoʊbi ˈɡɔːt/) is a place in Singapore that often refers to the Dhoby Ghaut MRT station, a major interchange station on Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit network. As a place, Dhoby Ghaut lies along the eastern end of Orchard Road.
Indian dhobis moved to Singapore with the British in the 19th century, and though the community no longer exists, their name is a part of the modern nation.
Back in the 1930s, Narayanan Narayanan’s parents
paid around Rs 5 to a washerman, or dhobi, in Singapore for doing their
laundry. “He used to come to our Newton Road house every Sunday morning
and collect the week’s laundry, which he slung over his shoulders,”
recalled the 90-year-old Singaporean of Indian origin and former
stockbroker. Narayanan uses a laundry service now, but still chooses to
use the word dhobi.
The story of dhobis in Singapore began in the 19th century. They first arrived on the island in 1819, brought by the British along with Indian siphahis, or soldiers. They were part of what was known as the bazaar contingent, which included various kinds of servicemen to cater to the needs of the British and the sipahis. And yet the dhobis left an impression on their new country in a way that many other servicemen didn’t. When an underground station for the Mass Rapid Transportation system was built in Singapore, it was named as Dhoby Ghaut. The station was opened in 1987.
The narrow stream was known as Sungei Beras Basah, or “wet rice river” in Malay, because that was where wet rice was brought in by boats and then dried on the banks. It was also the workplace of the dhobis in Singapore. The stream does not exist anymore and the stretch is now known as Stamford Canal, named after the British founder of Singapore, Thomas Stamford Raffles, and it is part of the shopping district on Orchard Road.
While they continued to work in Singapore for over a hundred years, the dhobis never arrived with the intent of settling down in the country. Rai says very few dhobis ever came with their families – “The pattern was for the male to work as a dhobi, returning to India perhaps once every three or four years and maintaining his family there.” Before they returned to India for good, they would bring over a son or a relative to carry on the business of being a dhobi in Singapore.
But do Singaporeans know the story of Dhoby Ghaut?
As of 2010, however, only about 15% of the local population speaks either Malay or Tamil at home. The majority of the population, which speaks English or Mandarin and other Chinese dialects, has no reason to suspect the history behind Dhoby Ghaut. For example, a humour column from 1987 seems to set the blame for naming of the place squarely on some “British wallah”, the Indian connection seemingly oblivious.
For Singaporeans who are proud of their country’s multiculturalism, though, said Goh, “Dhoby Ghaut often is used an example when people mention Indian-derived place names in Singapore.”
The story of dhobis in Singapore began in the 19th century. They first arrived on the island in 1819, brought by the British along with Indian siphahis, or soldiers. They were part of what was known as the bazaar contingent, which included various kinds of servicemen to cater to the needs of the British and the sipahis. And yet the dhobis left an impression on their new country in a way that many other servicemen didn’t. When an underground station for the Mass Rapid Transportation system was built in Singapore, it was named as Dhoby Ghaut. The station was opened in 1987.
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“The
naming of the MRT station as Dhoby Ghaut is an attempt to mark out what
was once the key occupational group in the area – really remembering
Singapore’s heritage,” said Rajesh Rai, associate professor at National
University of Singapore and author of Indians in Singapore 1819-1945.
“The first dhobi settlement was at a part of a freshwater stream that
is more or less exactly where the Dhoby Ghaut MRT station is.”The narrow stream was known as Sungei Beras Basah, or “wet rice river” in Malay, because that was where wet rice was brought in by boats and then dried on the banks. It was also the workplace of the dhobis in Singapore. The stream does not exist anymore and the stretch is now known as Stamford Canal, named after the British founder of Singapore, Thomas Stamford Raffles, and it is part of the shopping district on Orchard Road.
Temporary home
The dhobis who moved to Singapore came from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. “There were Tamilian dhobis too, with the colonial forces arriving from the Madras region,” said Nalina Gopal, curator at the Indian Heritage Centre in Singapore. “The area was named after them, and was known as vannan theruvu in Tamil too.”While they continued to work in Singapore for over a hundred years, the dhobis never arrived with the intent of settling down in the country. Rai says very few dhobis ever came with their families – “The pattern was for the male to work as a dhobi, returning to India perhaps once every three or four years and maintaining his family there.” Before they returned to India for good, they would bring over a son or a relative to carry on the business of being a dhobi in Singapore.
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Today,
there isn’t a single trace left of the humble origins of Dhoby Ghaut,
except its name, of course. The MRT is the nearest station to get down
at and head to shop, eat and soak in art. The Orchard Road area is
flanked by museums as well as malls which house brands such as Gucci,
Armani Exchange, Jimmy Choo, Calvin Klein and more. It is also near the
official residence of the Singaporean president at Istana.But do Singaporeans know the story of Dhoby Ghaut?
Forgotten history
“Among Singaporeans, quite a few people would know about this history to it, as the colloquial Malay word for laundry is ‘dobi’,” said Darren Goh, a tour guide who runs SneakPeek Singapore, which offers free walking tours. “In a local language, people are able to make that connection, even if they don’t know that people actually used to wash clothes right where they now buy clothes.”As of 2010, however, only about 15% of the local population speaks either Malay or Tamil at home. The majority of the population, which speaks English or Mandarin and other Chinese dialects, has no reason to suspect the history behind Dhoby Ghaut. For example, a humour column from 1987 seems to set the blame for naming of the place squarely on some “British wallah”, the Indian connection seemingly oblivious.
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Despite
Tamil being one of the four official languages of Singapore, Dhoby
Ghaut remains the only prominent landmark named in an Indian language in
the country.For Singaporeans who are proud of their country’s multiculturalism, though, said Goh, “Dhoby Ghaut often is used an example when people mention Indian-derived place names in Singapore.”
picture is from 1942, and shows women washing clothes in wash tubs with wash boards. The tubs were in a community wash center in Pinedale California.
 |
| picture was taken in 1942, and shows a major advance in domestic engineering . . . the electrified clothes wringer. The clothes wringer made washing much easier. The tub down below has an electric agitator, meaning a scrub board was no longer needed. The tub was still connected to the sink for water. After the clothes were agitated and rinsed, they were run through the wringer to get most of the water out. Then they were put out on the line to dry |
ANCIENT TIMES (2500 B.C. – 476 A.D. approx. 3000 years)
In ancient times, bathing and clothes washing evolved. Soap began to be used, both for bathing
and for laundering clothes. The Romans used public laundries or “fulleries”, staffed by workers who
washed clothing with a version of detergents. The fulleries were not a healthy environment for those
who worked in them. Public baths became popular, as bathing was seen as a social event. Aqueducts
brought water into the homes of the wealthy, whereas the working class relied on hand-carrying
water from the public fountains and rivers to their homes. Plumbing was still rudimentary, with
waste carried through open drains to rivers. Because of the lack of waste treatment of any kind, the
environmental impact of human activity was high, especially near the cities.
Romans were a fashion-conscious people and paid much attention to their attire.
Soap
The first primitive soap was made from ashes from wood and other
plants, by extraction with water. Ashes from halophytes – plants
from the Mediterranean region - such Saponaria sp., Salicornia
sp. and Salsola sp., were particularly effective for soap-
making. The fact that such alkaline solutions had cleaning
properties was probably discovered accidentally.
According to legend, the word soap, or rather the
process of saponification, derives from Sapo Hill in
Rome, where animals were sacrificed and cremated.
Tallow, or animal fat, and ash were washed down
the hill by rainwater, into the clay soil along the
Tiber River. Women found that washing clothes
was easier if they used this clay. A less romantic
derivation is the name of the Italian town of Savona,
where large quantities of soap were manufactured
during the 9th century A.D. In French, “savon”
means soap. The oldest reference to purposeful
soap-making dates back to 2800 B.C. Fats were
boiled with ashes to make soap. Gallic and Germanic
tribes carried out saponification by trial and error. In
the process of soap-making, they also produced glycerol
as a result of the action of alkali on fat (goat tallow, birch
wood ash and herbal extract colouring). Human or animal
urine was commonly used as a cleaning agent in ancient times.
Its cleaning properties are due to the production of the alkaline
ammonium carbonate from fermentation of urea. Its use was first
reported in the Orient, from which it spread to the West.
Baths
The first Roman baths were built around 312 B.C. and continued to be popular until the fall of the Roman Empire
in the 6th century. At the end of the day, Roman men and women would gather at the public bathhouses. Some
wealthy families had their own bathhouses, yet they would often invite friends to bathe with them, as bathing was
very much a social event. Afterwards, they would spend the rest of the evening on an elaborate dinner. When
the Roman Empire fell in 467 A.D., their habits with regards to personal cleanliness were also lost. In the Middle
Ages, this lack of hygiene would have dramatic consequences. The ancient Greeks “washed” themselves with
lumps of clay, had steam baths and rubbed their skin with oil, such as olive oil, which they then scraped off with
an instrument called a “strigil”, along with any dirt. The use of soap for bathing was reported as early as 1500 B.C.
by the ancient Egyptians.
Laundry
Frescoes in Pompeii show how important laundry was for the Romans. Laundry was not done at home, at least not
by the wealthier Romans. It was done at the public “fulleries” – the equivalent of the modern laundromat – by
4
workers called “fullones.” “The large fulleries have several features in common. They contain a large hall with very
large basins in the floor, communicating with one another. In these basins clothes were put to soak and cleaned.
Along three sides of the hall are pressing-bowls, usually made of terracotta, often the lower half of a dolium.
Here the material was further cleaned, by workers who ’jumped‘ or ’danced‘ on the clothes (the so-called saltus
fullonicus; Seneca, Epistulae 15,4), while they leaned on small walls on either side. Detergents were used, such as
the creta fullonica (fuller’s earth), that was stored in small bowls. It helped remove the grease and enhanced the
colours. Urine, collected in public urinals, was used for bleaching, and so was sulphur, which was burned under
wooden frames over which the cloth was suspended. After the pressing, the material was taken to the basins again,
for the removal of the detergents. Fullers were organized into powerful Guilds. Clothes were cleaned by treading
(fulling) in stone bowls containing clay and ammoniated water. After rinsing once, the bowls were filled once
more and the clothes were rinsed again. Drying took place on bell-shaped wire frames under which sulphur was
burned.” (from the Ostia Anctica web site). The Roman laundries were not a healthy work environment: workers
were constantly exposed to polluted, foul-smelling air and their skin was in constant contact with chemicals in the
water. As a result they ran a high risk of developing work-related illnesses. The ancient Greeks used only water,
without soap, for laundry.
Water supply
During the early years, water for Rome was brought in from the Tiber River. Aqueducts that piped the water from
rivers or wells into the city were built during the Late Empire. Wealthy Romans had the water piped all the way into
their homes, but most people had to rely on the public fountains or water delivery by a contractor or Aquarius.
Some homes had cisterns in which rainwater was collected. The aqueducts and cisterns of Carthage (Tunisia, N.
Africa) are well preserved to this day.
Plumbing
Rome was well equipped with open drains and sewers, which ran parallel to streets. Many houses had latrines,
but apartments did not. Where there were no latrines, chamber pots were used. These were emptied in the
public drains and sewers, or in public urinal pots. The large public urinal pots at the street corners were
periodically emptied by “fullers” who worked in the laundry facilities, where urine was used as a laundry
additive. Public toilets were large, rectangular rooms that could be used by many people at the same time.
The construction was similar to today’s “outhouses,” but the waste was continuously flushed away by
running water in the sewers down below.
Environmental impact
Wastewater from households as well as from public toilets was flushed away to the rivers, often via open
channels that ran alongside or in the middle of the streets. Out of necessity, ancient civilizations were
much more tolerant of foul odors than modern society! As these sewage streams and human waste
streams were discharged to the rivers without any form of treatment, the environmental impact of
human activity was high. Similar situations still exist to this day, in developing nations. A well known
example is that of the sacred Ganges River in India, used by millions for bathing and washing but also
the receptacle for untreated sewage and human waste from the cities.
Fabrics
Men and women of Rome were very interested in fashion. They wore tunics, which were knee-length
for the men and floor-length for the women. Heavy white togas were worn on formal occasions. The
fabrics of the time were wool, linen, silk and cotton. The women wore make-up and jewelry, mostly
gold and precious stones among higher classes, amber jewelry among lower classes.
Further reading:
De Bonneville, Francoise (1998). The Book of the Bath. Rizzoli Publ. Stalmans, M. & Guhl, W. (2003). An Introduction to the
Historical Developments of Laundry. Household and Personal Care Today, pp. 17-22.
5
MIDDLE AGES (476 A.D. – 1453 A.D. approx. 1000 years)
During the Middle Ages (about A.D. 476 to A.D. 1453) people in Europe became much less concerned
with hygiene, and public health declined. People began to have a superstitious fear of water, believing
it to cause disease, so bathing was no longer a daily activity. In its place, people prayed and made
pilgrimages, believing that sin was another major cause of disease. Clothing was washed only every few
months. Towns became overcrowded. Household wastewater and the contents of chamber pots were
tossed into the streets. This lack of personal cleanliness and the unsanitary living conditions - especially
the lack of any type of waste treatment - had dire consequences. Epidemics swept through Europe. The
Black Plague of the 14th century killed tens of millions of people.
Soap
In the Middle Ages, soap was used primarily for washing clothes.
Arab traders brought bars of soap to Europe in the 7th century,
and soon soapmaking became an established craft in Europe.
Soapmakers formed guilds and jealously guarded their recipes.
Soap production began to differ from region to region. In
southern European countries, such as Italy, Spain, and
southern France, soap was made from olive oil. During
this period, Castile soap began to be made in Spain.
In the countries of northern Europe, soap was made
from a base of animal fats, primarily tallow from
cattle, and sometimes even from fish oils. Aromatic
herbs were added for fragrance. The soaps made
from olive oil were of a higher quality than those
made from animal fats, and soap manufacturers in
the south began to export their products to other
countries. In the 9th century, Marseilles, Geneva,
Savona, and Venice became important centres of
soap manufacturing. These regions had a plentiful
supply of olive oil and the barilla plant, the ashes of
which were used to make lye. During the 10th century,
soap production expanded to many European cities. By
the 12th century, soap started to be produced in England
where the soap business was very successful and would
remain so for centuries to come. In 1622, King James I granted
a monopoly to a soapmaker for $100,000 a year! Until the 19th
century, soap was a heavily taxed luxury item in most countries, and
therefore out of reach for the ordinary citizen.
Baths
In Europe, cities had public baths, called stews, where two or three patrons at a time bathed together in large wooden
tubs. The aristocracy had their own private baths, and even tiled rooms devoted to bathing. But early in the Middle
Ages, the practice of bathing declined, as people began to believe that it spread epidemics. But because people also
believed that bad odors spread disease, they made liberal use of perfume.
Laundry
Clothing was washed only every two or three months. It was soaked in a tub with a washing solution of lye and fuller’s
earth or white clay. Then it was trampled or beaten, after which the dirty wash water ran out through a hole. This
process was repeated until the water came out clean, after which the clothes were rinsed, wrung out by hand, and
left to air dry.
Water supply
Wealthier citizens and the aristocracy had water piped into their homes or castles, and peasants used public fountains
or wells. Because of nonexistent sanitation, drinking water was often contaminated.
Wastewater was discarded directly into the streets.
6
Human waste
Chamber pots were used to contain human waste, and the contents were emptied into the streets. Some cities had
laws requiring people to call out a warning before emptying pots, to avoid unpleasant accidents. In many homes, the
first floor had a protuberance in the back, and feces were collected from there.
Environmental impact
Especially in cities, the environmental impact of human activity was very high. Waste was discarded into the streets,
where is sat for days before it was washed untreated into rivers and streams.
Fashion
Most people in the Middle Ages wore woolen clothing over undergarments made of linen. The wealthy wore garments
with brighter colors, made from better materials. Toward the end of the Middle Ages, clothing became more elaborate.
Wealthy men wore hose and a jacket, often with skirting, and aristocratic women were partial to flowing gowns and
headdresses shaped like hearts or butterflies or tall steeple caps.
Further reading:
De Bonneville, Francoise (1998). The Book of the Bath. Rizzoli Publ.
Stalmans, M. & Guhl, W. (2003). An Introduction to the Historical Developments of Laundry. Household and Personal Care Today, pp. 17-22.
RENAISSANCE (approx. 1450 A.D. – 1700 A.D. ; approx. 200 years)
The Renaissance - the period between about 1450 and 1700 - was a time of renewed flourishing of the arts and
the intellect in Europe. In the beginning of this period, though, hygiene remained firmly in the Dark Ages. People
continued to fear water, believing that it would dilate the skin’s pores and expose the organs to the dreaded plague.
But as the Renaissance progressed, the nobility’s desire to maintain its appearance as a higher breed brought more
emphasis to personal hygiene. Fashion, and changing into clean clothes frequently, represented symbols of status
to the wealthy. Science also advanced, and doctors began to understand that lack of hygiene was a factor in the
spread of contagious diseases, and some doctors even advocated a regular bath! Cleanliness campaigns and
a more widespread use of soap resulted. During the Renaissance, soap became more refined, and doing the
laundry remained a highly ritualized, time-consuming process. Although water closets had been invented, this
marvel of plumbing would not become a fixture in most homes until much later, around the middle of the
19th century, for lack of adequate water supply and sewer systems.
Soap
Soap making became more specialized. In the 15th and 16th
centuries in France, soap was made on a small scale from
goat tallow and beech ash, but in the 17th century, soap
factories were established. The first one, built by royal
edict in Toulon, was an immediate success. More
factories were built in Marseilles. By the end of the
century, Marseilles had to import raw materials
from all over the Mediterranean to keep up with
demand, and the French perfected the soap
manufacturing process, now using vegetable oils
rather than animal fat. All along, soap was used
for laundry. Towards the end of the Renaissance,
soap came back into favor for bathing, and people
began to use soap for shaving and shampooing.
Baths
Throughout much of the Renaissance, people believed
that water penetrated the skin and spread disease.
Indeed, King Louis XIII had what was only his second
bath at the age of 7, and Louis XIV took baths only when
it was prescribed as a medical treatment. It was thought that
a layer of dirt protected the body, so people cleaned themselves
7
by rubbing exposed parts of the body with a dry, sometimes perfumed, cloth. To show that they were “clean,”
the nobility wore white linen shirts, and changed them daily. In 1626, Savot, a French etiquette writer, wrote,
“We can more easily do without [baths] than the ancients, because of our use of linen.”
In the mid-17th century, clothing got a dusting of scented powder to make is smell fresh longer, and
after this nobles no longer felt the need to change clothing so often.
This lack of hygiene started to change toward the end of the Renaissance. Body odors became less tolerated,
and cleanliness became more important. Communal bathing in bath houses became popular once again
(as it once was in Rome) and was often accompanied by music and eating. But because nudity was taboo,
people wore clothes while bathing. As a courtesy, people offered a bath to their guests, and by the 15th
century, this was an established part of the code of hospitality. Handwashing before and after eating is
often mentioned in literature from this period, and basins appear regularly in illustrations. During the 14th
and 15th centuries, washing one’s hands became an elaborate ceremony at banquets, complete with a
servant called the Laverer, who brought water and towels to guests before a feast began. Outside Europe,
regular bathing was the custom. In India, the institution of Gushalkhana (a bathroom) was established by
the Mughal Kings in 1556. Oppressed by the heat and dust, the Kings constructed luxurious bathing and
massage facilities, but these were accessible only to the rich. Indian handbooks from the 17th century
describe bathing rituals that took place in bathing ghats, public baths on a riverbank.
Laundry
There were a large number of laundries in cities because of the importance of keeping linen white, but
women also did laundry at home and it continued to be backbreaking labor. Clothes had to be soaked,
boiled and beaten, then rinsed and wrung out by hand, and dried in the fresh air. Washboards and sticks
made doing the laundry a little easier, but it was still a very time-consuming task. Leftover soapy water was
given to the poor, because soap was still too expensive for most people. In addition to the regular laundry, a
“Grand Wash” took place twice a year. It was a symbolic ritual, lasting three days. Some sources say that that
it represented Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise. The “Grand Wash” was a symbol of purification, the triumph of
clean over unclean. Communal laundry rituals also existed in Asia and North and South America.
Water supply
Throughout the Renaissance, little progress was made in terms of bringing the water to the people. Water could
only be moved around by mechanical means. The homes of the wealthy and certain centers of culture, such as
monasteries, had water piped in, but the poor still had to hand-carry their water home from wells and rivers.
In 1698–99, the steam engine was invented by Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen. It would later be
perfected by James Watt and Benjamin Franklin. This invention would lay the groundwork for the water
distribution networks of the future.
Plumbing
Chamber pots continued to be used throughout the period, but now small rooms or closets were dedicated to the
purpose of using these chamber pots in private, hence the terminology “water closet” and “privy.” The contents of the
pots had to be hauled away manually. In 1596, Sir John Harrington, godson to Queen Elizabeth, installed water closets
for the queen and himself. However, he was ridiculed by his peers for this device, and never built another one.
Environmental impact
Pollution continued to be a problem, due to the increasing population in cities. Waste water from household uses and
laundries, as well as human waste, continued to be discharged into rivers and streams without any type of treatment.
Fashions
Clothing during the Renaissance was very important to the aristocracy, because it demonstrated one’s cleanliness and
wealth. Girls wore many layers of clothing: a chemise, stockings, a leather corset, a bodice, and petticoats, topped by
a gown. Both girls and women covered their hair with a scarf or hat. Boys dressed like their fathers, with shirts and a
fitted jacket, hose and breeches. Clothes were made out of wool, cotton, raw silk, linen, flax, leather or linen. Colored
fabrics were rare and for the most part only the rich could afford them; purples and reds were very difficult to obtain
and reserved for royalty exclusively.
Further reading
Bramsky, S. & Reynolds, S. (1995). Leonardo: The Artist and The Man. Penguin Publishers, USA.
De Bonneville, Francoise (1998). The Book of the Bath. Rizzoli Publ.
Learn all about the history of plumbing
Stalmans, M. & Guhl, W. (2003). An Introduction to the Historical Developments of Laundry. Household and Personal Care Today, pp. 17-22.
8
18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES
In the course of the 18th century, personal cleanliness became a status symbol. More frequent bathing and hand
washing with soap and water were at first fashionable, and not until much later (in the late 18th and in the 19th
century) would they become indispensable. Science and technology made giant leaps forward. The early washing
machines (after 1850) revolutionized the laundry process. When bacteria and their role in causing infections and
contagious diseases were discovered in the middle of the 19th century, people understood the importance of hygiene
for good health. With the industrial era in full swing towards the end of the 1800s, the environmental impacts of
discharging untreated wastewaters began to become more apparent.
Soap
At the beginning of the 18th century, Marseilles had around 15 soap factories, making it the Mediterranean centre for
production and distribution of soap made from olive oil and natural soda.
Also in the 18th century, and continuing at the beginning of the 19th century, soap was heavily taxed as a luxury
product. When taxes were lowered and advances in chemistry integrated in the soap-making process, soap became
an everyday item for the majority, with a resulting rise in cleanliness standards.
In 1837, two young men merged their two businesses, a candle factory and a soap manufacturing business, into The
Procter & Gamble Company. In the United States, scientific discoveries allied with the overall industrial potential of the
country made soap manufacturing one of the nation’s most flourishing industries from 1850 onwards.
A brief history of soap-making in marseilles during the 18th and 19th centuries
1760: 28 factories totalling 126 boilers produce 9,000 tonnes of soap.
1786: 48 factories totalling 192 boilers, giving production capacity of 34,000 tonnes in the nine authorized working
months.
1789: 65 factories totalling 280 boilers produce 22,000 tonnes.
1793: Civil strife and downturn almost ruin the city. Soap industry,
however, rallies and survives the French Revolution.
1801: Peace returns, shipping redevelops. 73 factories
totalling 331 boilers.
1808: First soda factories open, using the Leblanc
manufacturing process. Prohibition on the
use of vegetable soda. Introduction of seed
oils, e.g., nut, rape, poppy and linseed,
cheaper than olive oil.
1817: Soap shares crash, only 15 factories
remain.
1820: 88 factories totalling 420 boilers.
1823: New oils available, such as palm and
coconut. Chevreul publishes first
definitive theory of saponification.
1842: Number of factories stable, but increase
in production capacity with the advent
of steam heating (50,000 tonnes). Palm
oil is used extensively for white soap with
more lather.
1863: Another growth crisis: Factories down to 52
for a production of 70,000 tonnes, although
demand continues to rise.
1885: 90 factories for 94,000 tonnes of soap, but lower
quality due to production cost-cutting.
Bathing
Throughout the 18th century, the belief that originated during the time of the
plague in the Middle Ages namely that disease could be contracted through water that touched the skin,
remained relatively unchallenged. The world would have to wait until the mid-19th century for French scientist
Louis Pasteur to prove this theory wrong. Until then, bathing was used as a medical treatment in thermal springs,
a leisure activity for the upper class at the health spas, and as a status symbol for the upper class generally.
9
Advances in science and technology
In 1774, Swedish chemist Karl Wilhelm Scheele discovered chlorine. Scientists would later discover that,
mixed with water, chlorine bleaches (Claude Berthollet) and that, mixed with a soda solution, chlorine
disinfects (Antoine Labarraque).
In 1783 Karl Wilhelm Scheele discovered a sweet-tasting substance he called OÅNlsüss (which we now
know as glycerol or glycerin) by boiling olive oil with lead oxide. Soap manufacture was revolutionised
in 1791 by the chemist Nicolas Leblanc, who devised a process of obtaining sodium carbonate (washing
soda) from sodium chloride (salt). Soap is produced from soda and fat. Leblanc’s process resulted
in the production of large quantities of good quality and low-cost soda. In 1823, inspired by this
discovery, French chemist Eugène Chevreul found that soap is not formed by fats combining with
alkali, but that these are first broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. Chevreul thus originated the
theory of saponification. Towards 1840 the process evolved further by the use of oils other than olive
oil, resulting in a still greater variety of end products. Chevreul’s discovery revolutionised the candle
industry. Another important leap forward was made when Belgian chemist Ernest Solvay (1838 –
1922) discovered that soda (sodium carbonate) could be produced on a larger, commercial scale from
ammonia, carbon dioxide and salt (sodium chloride). The Solvay process resulted in better quality soda
produced at a lower cost. On a different front, Frenchman Louis Pasteur (1822 – 1895) proved the link
between micro-organisms and infectious diseases with his famous “germ theory.” As of that moment,
the importance of hygiene for the protection of public health became a firmly established fact. In 1879,
William Procter invented Ivory Soap. In 1889, Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz invent the automobile,
revolutionising transport, which would have far reaching consequences for all of industry.
Laundry
The middle of the 19th century witnessed the appearance of the first mechanical washing machines.
Typically a closed tub with wooden paddles (agitators, later made of metal) allowed laundresses to work
in an upright position and not get their hands wet so much. Laundry was no longer the laborious and
timeconsuming ritual it had been in the past. The dirt and bad smells that accompanied overcrowding
in thecities were less and less acceptable to people, and this led to steady scientific progress. But before
washing machines were generally in use, large towns installed large public wash-houses or laundries. The
fixed tub with a hand-propelled rotating agitator was the forerunner of the rotating tub (gyrator) machine.
The forerunner of the modern drum machine that extracts the water during a rapid spin cycle would not
appear until into the 20th century. Laundry remained a ritual in the U.S. throughout the 19th century. A written
testimony by a late-19th century author in Practical Housekeeping reads: “Laundry and cooking go hand in
hand . . . On washing and ironing days, it is inadvisable to cook steak or fry fish, due to the smell. In addition, no
spinach, split peas, green beans (which need stringing), or stewed apples [should be prepared] because these all
take too long to prepare and time should be given to the laundry. More suitable dishes would be potatoes, pasta,
rice and corn, with a dessert of baked apples with cream: Quick, easy and very tasty.” Developments in laundry
products didn’t keep pace with the technological advances in washing machines: Until the end of the 19th century,
people still washed their clothes with soap flakes. Synthetic detergents would not appear for another 10 to 20 years,
during World War I.
Water supply and indoor plumbing
The wealthy had water piped into their homes, but for the urban poor, water hydrants or street pumps provided the only
source of water. To make matters worse, these were opened infrequently and not always on schedule. In the countryside,
people still drew water from rivers or wells. In 1829 and 1834, architect Isaiah Rogers built the Tremont Hotel in Boston
and the Astor House in New York, both with indoor plumbing and bathrooms in every room. A storage tank on the roof
supplied the bathrooms, kitchen and laundry with running water. Baths were copper or tin tubs, and the water for the
bath was heated in small gas furnaces. A steam engine-driven pump raised the water to the storage tank on the rooftop.
A simple system of pipes transported wastewater to the sewers. By the middle of the 19th century, the more widespread
installation of sewers in the cities provided more people with a way to dispose of their wastewater. In 1652, Boston had
already built the first public waterworks in the U.S., formed to provide water for firefighting and domestic use. Wooden
pipes were used until the early 1800s when the switch was made to cast iron. Later - in the 20th century - cement,
concrete, steel and iron would be used for the water distribution lines. In 1857, engineer J. W. Adams’ designs laid the
groundwork for modern sewer systems. In 1869, Chicago drew water from Lake Michigan via a tunnel. Steam engines
pumped the water from the tunnel beneath the lake. In 1906 the system was modernized. This station is still supplying
Chicago with water until this day. Chicago also was the first city to install a citywide sewerage system in 1885. By the
mid-1850s, many new homes had bathrooms. Copper and silver fixtures made room for stainless steel. Lead pipes were
10
used for cold-water supply lines, but were later replaced with iron, copper and sometimes even plastic. In the late 1730s,
the valve-type toilet came into use. The valves were rudimentary, however, and often leaked. By the late 1770s, the
hydraulics were improved, and this type of toilet is still in use today in many areas. There was another major breakthrough
around 1820, with the invention of the flush-type toilet by Albert Giblin in Britain. This was a siphon toilet with a water
reservoir for flushing when a rope was pulled. A certain Thomas Crapper worked on developing the piping of toilets, but
contrary to popular legend, he didn’t invent the flush toilet. His name, however, lives on in the slang for “toilet.” In 1857,
toilet paper was invented by the American Joseph Cayetti. In Asia, the wealthy already had toilet-like devices when in the
early 18th century. Soon, the cheaper uropean toilets began to appear in the homes of the less well off.
Environmental impact
All household waste waters, including the spent wash water (grey water) and water containing human waste (black
water), were discharged into the rivers and surface waters without any form of prior treatment. Regulations to protect
the environment did not yet exist. The second half of the 19th century witnessed the onset of the industrial era.
Inevitably, environmental pollution kept right in step with it, until public awareness and environmental regulation
would catch up – but that would not happen until much later, about the middle of the 20th century.
Fabrics
Clothing became more elaborate for both men and women. Women layered on a chemise, a corset, numerous
petticoats, and a dress. Men wore breeches or trousers, shirts, waistcoats, and coats, often with embroidery. For both
men and women wore clothing made of silk, satin, velvet, wool, and cashmere.
The milestones in the history of washing machines and dryers during the 18th and 19th centuries
1797 Scrub boards.
Early 1800s First clothes dryers; hand-powered.
1851 First, hand-powered, washing machine with a drum, invented by James King.
1861 First clothes wringer added to the washing machine.
1874 William Blackstone built his first hand-driven wooden washing machine. The company he founded still
produces and sells washing machines to this day, out of their New York headquarters.
1858 First rotary washing machine, invented by Hamilton Smith.
Biographies of famous scientists of the 18th and 19th centuries
Nicolas Leblanc - French chemist (1742-1806), perfected a process for preparing sodium carbonate,
contributing to the development of the use of minerals in the chemical industry.
Karl Wilhelm Scheele - Swedish chemist, born in Stralsund (1742-1786). Discovered chlorine, glycerol and
hydrocyanic (prussic) acid.
Hydrocyanic acid: Hydracid, HCN, intermediary in numerous reactions, but also highly toxic.
Antoine Labarraque - Chemist and pharmacist, born 1777 in Oloron (France), died in Paris 1850.
Discovered disinfectant properties of bleach. Labarraque solution: A solution of sodium hypochlorite and
water in equal measures. Used to disinfect objects, but not advisable for wounds. Other uses include
deodorising and bleaching.
Count Claude Berthollet - French chemist born 1748 in Talloires (France), died in 1822 in Arcueil. He
discovered hypochlorites and applied their bleaching properties to cloth. He also perfected chlorate-
detonated explosives, and went to Egypt with Napoleon Bonaparte.
Hypochlorite: Salt of hypochlorous acid (sodium hypochlorite is a constituent of “Eau de Javelle,” or
common household bleach).
Eugène Chevreul - French chemist born 1786 in Talloires, died in 1889 in Paris. Noted for his research
in organic chemistry, particularly the composition of fats, necessary to understand saponification. He also
worked on the theory of colour contrasts, and the results of his studies influenced the neo-impressionist
painters. Saponification: A chemical reaction from an ester molecule, yielding a carboxylase ion, a
conjugated base of carboxylic acid and an alcohol.
Ernest Solvay - Belgian industrialist, born in Rebecq-Rognon (Belgium) (1838-1922). Founder or
benefactor of various scientific bodies, he originated a manufacturing process for sodium carbonate
whereby a concentrated solution of sodium chloride is saturated with ammonia, carbon dioxide is passed
through it, and the product is calcinated (1861-1865).
Further reading:
De Bonneville, Francoise (1998). The Book of the Bath. Rizzoli Publ.
Practical Housekeeping. A Careful Compilation of Tried and Approved Recipes. Minneapolis, MN: Buckaye Pub. & Co., 1884.
Stalmans, M. & Guhl, W. (2003). An Introduction to the Historical Developments of Laundry. Household and Personal Care Today, pp.17-22.
11
20TH AND 21ST CENTURIES
In course of the 20th century, hygiene became more and more of a priority and the role of soap became
even more important. Around the turn of the century, oil and soap manufacturers merged. The invention
of the steam generator, electricity and innovative manufacturing technology all worked together to
support the growth of the industry. Development of gentler bath soaps and laundry detergents began
in the early 20th century, and the remainder of that century would witness continued invention of new
products and the diversification of existing ones. The emergence of wastewater treatment plants, the
rise in environmental awareness and the increase in environmental regulations after ~ 1970 prompted
– among other things - the development of biodegradable detergent ingredients. The first synthetic
detergents appeared in 1916. Production of household detergents began during the 1930s in America,
but did not really take off until after World War II, with development in 1946 of all-purpose detergents.
During the 20th century the development of washing machine and dryer technology accelerated,
resulting in ever more practical and efficient machines. This effort was, at least in part, driven by
the parallel, rapid development of a wide range of synthetic and mixed fibers that fueled the textile
industry.
Soap and synthetic detergents
During the the World Wars, in particular World War II, detergent research was spurred by shortages
of animal and vegetable fats, plus the need for armies to wash clothes in hard, cold water. The first
detergents were mainly used for dish washing and laundering delicate fabrics. From the 1950s onwards,
soap products were gradually replaced by synthetic detergents derived from petroleum by-products,
vegetable oils and animal fats. Development of all-purpose detergents began in 1946, when the first
detergents that contained surfactants and builders were introduced in America (“built” detergents). This
combination of ingredients worked very well because the surfactant would remove the dirt, whereas the
builder would make the surfactant more effective. Synthetic surfactants held a significant performance
advantage over soap: they performed much better in cold, hard water. Synthetic detergent production
surpassed the highest level ever achieved by soap in 1957. Detergents could now be found in many common
household products, including personal hygiene products, and progress has continued at a rapid pace ever
since. In 1964, biodegradable LAS (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate) replaced branched
alkylbenzene sulfonate, its non-biodegradable counterpart. The worldwide
consumption of detergents and soap today (2003) is more than 27 million
metric tonnes.Soap accounts for 9 million tonnes.
Laundry
The first electric washing machine was produced in the U.S.
in 1908. It featured a top-mounted electric motor-driven
agitator. Towards 1920, new machines were fitted with
a horizontal cylinder. But this did not prevent manual
machines from prospering. At the end of the 1940s,
electric machines were fitted with an impeller. During
the 1950s, a heating element and automatic spin
cycle were added (some machines had separate
spinners, alongside the wash drum). The 1960s
saw the advent of automatic machines which, at
the touch of a button, wash, rinse and spin in the
same drum, at first mounted vertically, and later
horizontally (“front loaders”).
By the end of the 20th century, washing machine
technology had continued to evolve. Electro-
mechanical controls (knobs) had been replaced by
electronic ones (push-buttons). The newer machines
required less water and newer laundry products worked
better at lower temperatures, rendering the laundry process
more energy-efficient. Concentrated laundry products required
less transport, less shelf-space and less packaging. New wash
12
cycles appeared, such as those for silk, wool and delicates, and short wash. In some developing countries, even today,
manual practices still exist, as shown in these photographs of people in India, doing the laundry on the banks of the
Ganges, and of people on the African continent.
Science and technology1
1908 The first electric washing machine is made in the U.S.
1927 Filo T. Farnsworth invents television. TV advertising and soap operas would follow!
1938 Wallace Carothers invents nylon.
1958 Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce invent the microchip, laying the groundwork for modern computers.
1964 The biodegradable anionic surfactant Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) replaces its branched predecessor.
1991 Tim Berners-Lee invents the Internet.
Water supply and indoor plumbing
As the 20th century progressed, indoor toilets and running water—often both hot and cold—became the norm,
especially in cities. In rural areas, however, outhouses continued to be used, in some areas until the 1960s. Beyond
that, most communities in developed countries had main water supplies and sewage systems.
At the start of the 21st century, the trend in bathrooms was to make them bigger and more luxurious.
Bathrooms no longer consist of just a standard toilet, sink, and bathtub/shower combination. New bathrooms are
large, tiled rooms with a toilet and a bidet, two or more sinks, a stand-alone shower, and a roomy bathtub, often with
a whirlpool bath. The poor in some developing countries, however, must still haul water from a communal tap - water
which is not guaranteed safe to drink - and share communal toilets. In many countries outside Western Europe and
North America, running water that is piped into the home may not be safe to drink, and may need to be boiled or
chemically treated.
Environmental impact
Centralized wastewater treatment emerged in the form of municipal sewage treatment works in the late 19th
and 20th centuries in the cities of the U.K. and the United States. There are, by origin, three types of wastewater:
stormwater from runoff after rains, sanitary or domestic wastewater from homes and industrial waste water.
Early sewage treatment works would accept all three types, but ran into problems with overflow and too
highly polluted industrial wastewaters. After ~ 1950, as public concern about the environment increased, the
number of regulations designed to protect the environmental also increased. In modern sewage treatment
systems, stormwaters by-pass the treatment works and are discharged directly to surface waters. Domestic
wastewater is treated at the municipal sewage treatment plant and then discharged. Manufacturers are
often required to pre-treat their wastewater prior to sending it to a municipal sewage treatment plant.
Detergent manufacturers started developing biodegradable detergents in the 1960s. These detergents
contain surfactants and other cleaning agents that are effectively removed from wastewater during
sewage treatment. However, not all countries can afford the luxury of wastewater treatment, even though
it is badly needed and often required by law. When wastewater treatment is not available, sewage is
discharged directly into surface waters which causes pollution even today. It has been shown that the
development of modern wastewater treatment significantly improves the quality of surface waters. Since
detergent and cleaning product ingredients are well removed during wastewater treatment, there are no
adverse ecological effects from the use of laundry detergents and household cleaning products.
Fabrics
During the late 19th and 20th centuries, man-made fibers were developed. Until then, fabrics were made
from natural fibers: cotton, wool, silk, jute or flax. Synthetic fibers (nylon, polyethylene terephtalate, acrylics,
polyurethane, polypropylene) were manufactured from polymers, made from petroleum byproducts or
natural gas. The first women’s nylon stockings caused quite a stir in 1940! Fabrics from synthetic fibers
were cheaper to make, easier to dye and offered more processing flexibility compared to the natural
fabrics. Also the characteristics of the fabric could more easily be tailored for certain purposes: think about
the revolution in outdoor wear and sportswear in the 1990s, with fleece, Polartec®, wrinklefree fabrics,
water-repellent fabrics, stain-resistant fabrics, thermal fabrics, breathable fabrics - the list goes on an on.
These rapid developments in the textile industry put pressure on the fabric care industry to keep up, as
people needed affordable technology to take care of an ever expanding range of fabrics. In addition, the
customers of the late 20th and 21st centuries, often part of dual-career families, don’t want to spend a lot
of time on laundry, and they want their clothes to stay looking newer, longer.
13
The milestones in the history of washing machines and dryers during the 19th and 20th centuries
Early 1900s Wooden wash tubs are replaced by metal tubs.
1907 Maytag Corporation began manufacturing a wooden-tub washing machine with a flywheel, still
manually operated with a rotary handle.
1922 Maytag Corporation introduces the agitator system for moving the water around in the drum,
rather than dragging the fabrics around in the water.
1908 First electric-powered washing machine is invented by Alva J. Fisher.
1911 Whirlpool Corporation, then called the Upton Machine Co. is founded in St. Joseph, Michigan
and starts producing electric motor-driven wringer washers.
1915 The first electrical clothes dryers appear.
1930s John W. Chamberlain of Bendix Aviation Corporation invents a machine that can wash, rinse,
and extract water from clothes in a single operation.
1947 The first top-loading automatic washing machines are introduced by the forerunner of the
Whirlpool Corporation.
1951 The first automatic washing machines are made in Europe. The first computer-controlled
automatic washing machines appear.
1950 Many technological advances follow. Among hundreds of systems tested, only two washing
systems survive until this day: the agitator system and the tumbling system. Wash cycles and products
are developed for new fabrics and a greater range of wash conditions.
The milestones in the development of laundry and dish products during the 19th and 20th
centuries
1950s Dishwasher powders.
Liquid laundry products, dishwashing liquids and all-purpose detergents.
Fabric conditioners (softeners) for rinse cycle.
Laundry detergents with bleaches for cleaner, whiter wash.
1960s Pre-wash treatments and stain removers.
Biological washing powders containing enzymes.
1970s Fabric conditioners (softeners) for the wash cycle.
All-purpose products, such as washing and conditioning all-in-one.
1980s Low-temperature laundry detergents.
Dishwasher liquid.
Concentrated laundry powders.
In what year were brighteners added?
1990s Highly concentrated powder and liquid detergents.
Concentrated fabric conditioners.
Biodegradable fabric conditioners.
Dishwasher gels.
Refillable containers for laundry products.
Colour-safe bleach.
Colorguard technology.
2000 and beyond
Single dose laundry detergent tablets (Liquitabs as well as powder tablets).
Single dose dishwasher tablets (All-in-one).
“Do it yourself” dry-cleaning sheets for use in the dryer.
Gradual further compaction of liquid and powder detergents.
Ariel Coolclean is launched across Europe and in other regions (‘Turn to 30’, Actif à Froid, Kalt-Aktiv, Tide Coldwater
in North America).
Consumer educational campaigns, such as ‘Future Friendly’ (www.futurefriendly.co.uk), encourage sustainable use of
detergents and cleaning products in the
VASAI FORT BOMBAY-1780['View of the North Face of Basseen at the Surrender. Decemr. 11 1780. Charles Reynolds del'. In the operations against the Marathas by General Goddard in 1779-80 Bassein was besieged and taken by a small force under Captain James Hartley. It was restored to the Marathas in 1782 but incorporated into British India in 1818 on the overthrow of the Peshwa." ]
Above the wall, breached in two places, are the roofs and towers of the Franciscan church of San Antonio, the Jesuit Church of the Holy Name, the church of N.S. da Vida and the church of the Dominicans. In the distance is the Cathedral of St. Joseph. The Dominican and Franciscan churches were already roofless by 1780. On the right is part of a wicker and bale construction probably connected with the siege operations. The union flag flies over the breached wall.
It is interesting how much the coast has receded from the walls since 1820 as a new town has sprung up.
Monday, November 8, 2010
MAPS OF BOMBAY 1700'S
1850'S -BOMBAY-MAZGAON DWELLING
AUGUST 24,1608 THE FIRST BRITISH SHIP[EAST INDIA COMPANY]ARRIVES IN INDIA AT SURAT
Near the close of Queen Elizabeth-I’sreign
on December 31,1600 a royal charter was granted to a Joint Stock Company described as “ The Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies” popularly known as
East India Company
or John Company. The Hector, a British galleon of the third voyage chartered by the John Company underWilliam HawkinsTapati, near Surat. This was the first ship to fly an English flag off the coast of India. arrived on August 24, 1608 at the entrance to the River
on December 31,1600 a royal charter was granted to a Joint Stock Company described as “ The Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies” popularly known as
East India Company
or John Company. The Hector, a British galleon of the third voyage chartered by the John Company underWilliam HawkinsTapati, near Surat. This was the first ship to fly an English flag off the coast of India. arrived on August 24, 1608 at the entrance to the River
 |
| SURAT -GUJARAT COAST 1608 |
1670--View of Bombay (East India men flying Company’s Ensigns). - by Edward Barlow (Collection; National Maritime Museum, London).When Edward Barlow - a seaman made a voyage to India in 1670, he kept a journal and illustrated it with coloured sketches. The sketches show ships at Bombay,that carry flags with red and white stripes and the St. George’s Cross. The number of stripes is usually nine, eleven or thirteen. Edward Barlow made another voyage and additional sketches in 1683. The later sketches show flags with seven and even one with nineteen stripes. Barlow’s pictures also indicate that in addition to the Company’s Flag, the ships carried a Red Ensign with the Cross of St. George in a white canton.
Thursday, December 30, 2010
Monday, December 27, 2010
WATSON HOTEL ,BOMBAY.Watson's Hotel, currently known as the Esplanade Mansion, is India's oldest surviving cast iron building. It is located in the Kala Ghoda area of Mumbai (Bombay). Named after its original owner, John Watson, the building was fabricated in England and constructed on site between 1860 and 1863. (Wikipedia)
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BOMBAY NATIVE(INDIAN) TOWN-19 TH CENTURY
T'he European Town and the Native Town were physically separated. In Bombay, the ..... ~
Inian itis in Transitio
www.uva.nl/binaries/hst%3Ahst/hst%3Asites/uva-nl/.../n/.../asset
bank deposits and income tax revenues; and Mumbai has the largest " i share of telephone and .... T'he European Town and the Native Town were physically separated. In Bombay, the ..... ~of the Maidans (across. the Fort and south of Churchgate mieiasuriiiig _ slightly less than a .... In the Western quarter, all efforts were ...
BOMBAY ST THOMAS CHURCH.Date: Between 1850s to 1870s Whole Plate Albumen Print from Wet Collodion Glass Negative Maker: Francis Frith
Bombay GREEN (NOW HORNIMAN CIRCLE)
Bombay GREEN (NOW HORNIMAN CIRCLE)CAN SEE THE COTTON BUNDLES AND PORTERS , THE ARMY PARADE,A BAND OF YOUNG BOYS AT LEFT EXTREME WITH BUGLES AND DRUM ,ST.THOMAS CHURCH IN THE BACK GROUND,EAST INDIA COMPANY OFFICES ,SENIOR ENGLISH MILITARY OFFICER BEING CARRIED ON A DHOOLIE BY INDIAN PORTERS ARMED GUARDS WITH DRAWN SWORDS WALKING IN FRONT.ALSO IN THE BACK OF THE GROUND CAN SEE A COVERED VICTORIA HORSE CARRIAGE WITH ANOTHER MUSIC BAND PRECEDING THE CARRIAGE,[MAY BE SOME IMPORTANT ENGLISH MAN/OFFICER] [
JUHU BOMBAY AIRPORT AND TATA AIRLINES;NEW SANTACRUZ AIRPORT 1948
Juhu Aerodrome:-History
The aerodrome opened in 1928 as the then Vile Parle Flying Club. J. R.
D. Tata, the father of civil aviation in India made India's maiden
voyage from Juhu airport to Drigh Road airstrip, Karachi, via Ahmedabad,
on 15 October 1932.
Gandhi on Juhu Beach 1937
The airport served as the city's sole airport till Santacruz airport, now Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport. It served as the city's airport up to and even during the 1939-45 war. Two bitumen runways were in operation and a third was planned for construction in 1939 but this never occurred.
Gandhi on Juhu Beach 1937
The airport served as the city's sole airport till Santacruz airport, now Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport. It served as the city's airport up to and even during the 1939-45 war. Two bitumen runways were in operation and a third was planned for construction in 1939 but this never occurred.
At present, Juhu has only a single operational runway (08/26, 3750
ft/1143 m) and is run by the Airports Authority of India. It hosts a
flying club with several executive and light aircraft, gliders, and a
heliport to ferry Oil and Natural Gas Corporation personnel by carrier
Pawan Hans to offshore oil rigs at Bombay High. The airfield is located
at Juhu, an upmarket residential suburb of northwest Mumbai flanking the
city's Juhu Beach along theArabian sea.
The Imperial Airways 'Hanno' Hadley Page passenger airplane carries the England to India air mail, stopping in Sharjah to refuel.
ENGLAND TO INDIA IN 6 DAYS BY PLANE!-FASTEST TRAVEL POSSIBLE 1940'S
In 1929, Aga Khan offered through the Royal Aero Club, a special prize of £ 500 for “a solo flight
completed within six weeks from the date of starting”. The prize was to remain open for one year from
January 1930. There were three contestants – an eager JRD Tata, Man Mohan Singh, a civil engineer
graduating from Bristol who had learnt to fly in England, and ASPY Merwan Engineer, later the Chief of
the IAF. The three men set out flying single-engine, light aeroplanes with simple instruments and without radio. Man Mohan Singh took off from Croydon airport, south of London, in a Gypsy Moth
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| Gypsy Moth |
which he
called Miss India; ASPY Engineer followed the same route while JRD Tata, also in a Gypsy Moth, started
his journey in the reverse direction. After Croydon, Man Mohan Singh flew on to Lympne, Le Bourget
(Paris), Dijon, Marseillers, Rome, Naples, Catania, Tripoli and Sirle. From Gaza, he flew eastwards to
India, with Engineer trailing a day behind. Singh finally landed at Drigh Road, Karachi on 12 May 1930,
 |
| Karachi Airport (1930) |
was eventually declared the winner, which Singh accepted.
On October 15th, 1932 JRD Tata took off from Karachi to Ahmedabad and on to Bombay in a solo flight carrying postage mail. He landed at the Juhu airstrip and India's civil aviation took off. In 1946, Tata Airlines became Air India and in 1953, the company was nationalized by the Government of India.
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The Armstrong Whitworth A.W.154 Argosy stemmed from a declaration by Imperial Airways that all its aircraft would be multi-engine designs, on the grounds of safety. They were intended to replace the older single-engine de Havilland aircraft that Imperial Airways had inherited from its constituent companies, mainly Daimler Airway.
The passenger cabin of an Imperial Airways Argosy, which could accommodate 18 passengers. Posing at the rear is the steward who served them a buffet lunch as part of the airline's "Silver Wing" service:
Argosies continued in service with Imperial Airways until 1935, with the last example G-AACJ City of Manchester being used for joy-riding by United Airways Ltd of Stanley Park Aerodrome (Blackpool), that was later merged into British Airways Ltd. It continued in use with British Airways until December 1936.
Hello ladies!
Caption: Air
hostesses were first introduced in Air-India way back in 1946.
Beautifully tailored European dresses with caps set at a jaunty angle
formed the uniform. Sari, as a uniform, was introduced when Air-India
acquired its first Boeing 707 in 1960s.
The beginning
On 15 October 1932, J. R. D. Tata himself flew a single-engined De Havilland Puss Moth
carrying air mail (postal mail ofImperial Airways) from Karachi's Drigh Road Aerodrome to Bombay's Juhu Airstrip via Ahmedabad. The aircraft continued toMadras via Bellary piloted by former Royal Air Force pilot Nevill Vintcent.
Vintcent Mr. Neville, a former pilot in the Royal Air Force in 1929 he met Mr. JRD Tata
, the first holder of a pilot's license in India by this encounter
stemmed from both an awareness of the extent of the immense potential in
India aviation.
On
October 15, 1932 set off the first flight from Karachi to Mumbai via
Ahmedabad, headed by JRD Tata; lands at Juhu, and continued his journey
to Madras in southern India, led by Mr. Vintcent. In
1933, the first operational year, Tata Airlines carried 155 passengers
and 10 tons of mail and made known its mail service to the Indian
government, to make sure supporters to advance and expand. In
1934 the number of flights went to two, in the direction of Karachi and
a new line to Trivandrum, with a stop in Goa and Cannamore. Three years later, flights double and creates a new route between Mumbai-Delhi, were also introduced new aircraft in the fleet.
In
February 1938, the expansion process is interrupted by the war, but
with the appearance of the DC-3 at the end of World War I finally
resumes. The development of aerospace and transport port after the legal transformation of the airline - Tata Airlines - became Air India July 27, 1946.
Tata Airlines initially consisted of one Puss Moth aircraft, one Leopard Moth,
one palm-thatched shed, one whole time pilot assisted by Tata and Vintcent, one part-time engineer and two apprentice-mechanics.
 |
| Leopard Moth, |
one palm-thatched shed, one whole time pilot assisted by Tata and Vintcent, one part-time engineer and two apprentice-mechanics.
Initial service included weekly airmail service with a Puss Moth aircraft between Karachi and Madras via Ahmedabad andBombay,
covering over 1,300 miles. In its very first year of operation, Tata
Airlines flew 160,000 miles, carrying 155 passengers and 10.71 ton of
mail. In the next few years, Tata Airlines continued to rely for its
revenue on the mail contract with the Government of India for carriage
of surcharged mail, including a considerable quantity of overseas mail
brought to Karachi by Imperial Airways. The same year,
 |
| miles merlin plane for Bombay Trivandrum flight 1933 |
Tata Airlines launched its longest domestic flight - Mumbai toTrivandrum with a six-seater Miles Merlin.
The first Indian lady pilot, Sarla Thakral, at 21 years of age.
DURING SECOND WORLD WAR
 |
 |
| 1940 CURTIS PLANE |
 |
| K.L.M (Royal Dutch Air Lines) Douglas DC-2 (PH-AKK Koetling) |
Image above right: K.L.M (Royal Dutch Air Lines) Douglas DC-2 (PH-AKK Koetling)
flying over Jodhpur. K.L.M used 14-seater DC-2's in the 1930's on the
Amsterdam-Batavia route with stops at Jodhpur, Allahabad and Calcutta
airfields. K.L.M. started the Amsterdam-Batavia (at the time part of the
Dutch East Indies) service in 1924 (non-scheduled) with a
single-engined 8-seater Fokker F.VII.
Bombay Flying Club on New Years Day 1931-JUHU AIRPORT
|
| Bristol Bombay - K 3583 The first production Bristol Bombay - K 3583 - flew in March 1939 and was to be the basis for the post War Bristol Type 170 Freighter, Wayfarer and Superfreighter Following the success during the Second World War of the twin engined Bristol Type 130 Bombay utility aircraft in the Middle East theatre of operations, the Bristol Type 170 was devised along similar lines but with a much larger fuselage and simplified single fin tail and two-spar wing construction. It was also to be more specialised as a rugged heavy duty freighter with low initial and running costs and easy maintainance without the use of any special tools. Indeed, initial projections were for just one man hour of maintenance per aircraft hour of flight. The production Type 130 Bombay had been introduced in 1939 as one of the first large twin engined monoplane designs to serve with the Royal Air Force. Built to meet Air Ministry specification C.26/31 for an aircraft capable of carrying 24 fully armed troops, 10 stretcher cases as an air ambulance or equivalent mixed freight, the high seven-spar cantilever winged fixed-undercarriage Bombay used lessons learned from Bristol's unique twin engined Bagshot fighter ( J7765 ) of 1927. The oval sectioned monocoque steel strip and aluminium fueslage frame of the Bombay was covered by a stressed Alclad skin. Alclad - an American invention - consisted of the lightweight but potentially corrosion prone Duralumin coated with a thin film of pure aluminium. For civil aircraft specification 22/44 Bristol designer Archibald E. Russell had retained the wide tracked fixed undercarriage of the Bombay but gave the wing - with the same section and taper ratio - a swept leading and straight trailing edge. |
 |
| super constellation plane |
photos of planes at juhu airport 1940-1950
The increased capacity enabled the creation of a new connection Bombay-Nairobi-Aden on 21 January 1950 since 26 July of that year, the plane landed in Karachi. On the route to London, Rome was from 12 March served as an additional stopover. was
increased as the number of flights to London to four a week, two of
these services started from 17 October in Calcutta, and on 8 April 1951 by India from London stopped after lift-off machine for the first time for a stopover in Paris. From 2 December 1952 launched some of the leading on Bombay, Cairo and Rome, London flights in Delhi, and on 21 February the following year was incorporated into the network of Dusseldorf All. Another innovation was the economy class on international flights, on 7 December 1952 with DC-4
Five-seat cabin monoplane-Miles Aircraft Limited-1935
was opened from Bombay to Karachi, Aden and Nairobi.
 |
| DC-4 |
Five-seat cabin monoplane-Miles Aircraft Limited-1935
was opened from Bombay to Karachi, Aden and Nairobi.
 |
| Spitfire T Mk IX HS 534 (ex RAF MA 848 |
 |
| SM-832 |
 |
| MT 915, Merlin 66) |
operated service Bombay-Ahmedabad. Due to lack of profitability of the route but had 26 October, reinstated.Between July and September 1949, the Bombay-Nagpur-Calcutta route was flown daily, and 1 Opened in March 1950 machines of the type Viking day services between Bombay and Delhi. A
month later, the approach of Hyderabad on the Bombay-Madras-Colombo
route discontinued and replaced by Tirutschirapalli, and finally on 10 December 1952 the service of the DC-3 extends between Madras and Bangalore on Triwandrum, Koimbatur and Cochin to Ma
|
| 49C Super Constellation |
49C Super Constellation, the first on 19 June 1954 will be put into service, and after the second plane was taken over in July, had the 749A
Pan American World Airways Boeing 377 Stratocruiser (N1033V) "Cipper Seven Seas" arriving at London Heathrow on September 12, 1954 during Pan Am's heyday.
Photo by RuthAS
for two new routes will be exempted. Bombay, Madras and Bombay-Calcutta-Singapore-Bangkok-Hong Kong was on 16 14th July respectively August opened. The latter route was to the extradition of three L-1049E
7th May be extended from 1955 to Tokyo. Finally, we included two months later, the airport of Beirut and Zurich in the London route.
Pan American World Airways Boeing 377 Stratocruiser (N1033V) "Cipper Seven Seas" arriving at London Heathrow on September 12, 1954 during Pan Am's heyday.
 | This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 1696$sx1056$s. |
Photo by RuthAS
 |
749A
|
for two new routes will be exempted. Bombay, Madras and Bombay-Calcutta-Singapore-Bangkok-Hong Kong was on 16 14th July respectively August opened. The latter route was to the extradition of three L-1049E
 |
| L-1049E |
7th May be extended from 1955 to Tokyo. Finally, we included two months later, the airport of Beirut and Zurich in the London route.
|
In April 1956, followed by Damascus and Prague. On 11 June can AII Bombay their first L-1049G
take over on 5 October for the opening of the weekly service, Bombay-Madras-Singapore-Darwin-Sydney used. As the first non-Soviet bloc owned airline also received All traffic rights for Moscow. The Soviet capital was allowed - in the pool with the Tu-104 Aeroflot
- from 14 August, Delhi and Tashkent are served. Their first jet aircraft could AII in February 1960 to introduce the first place.
JUHU AIRPORT BOMBAY WHICH WAS THE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT |
| L-1049G |
Pan Am Boeing 377 Stratocruiser Promo Film - 1950
One of the neatest vintage airliner promos around. Fantastic footage of PAA Strats, plus s
take over on 5 October for the opening of the weekly service, Bombay-Madras-Singapore-Darwin-Sydney used. As the first non-Soviet bloc owned airline also received All traffic rights for Moscow. The Soviet capital was allowed - in the pool with the Tu-104 Aeroflot
 |
| Tu-104 Aeroflot |
- from 14 August, Delhi and Tashkent are served. Their first jet aircraft could AII in February 1960 to introduce the first place.
BEFORE.
Kaun Hai Jo Sapnon Mein Aaya - Rajendra Kumar - Saira Banu - Jhuk Gaya Aasman Songs {HD}- Mohd. Rafi
Movie : Jhuk Gaya Aasman Music Director: Shanker Jaikishan Singers: Mohammad Rafi Director: Lekh Tandon Enjoy this ...
SANTACRUZ AIRPORT WAS BUILT IN 1948Nationalisation
The early '50s saw the financial condition of various airlines operating in India deteriorate to such an extent that the Government decided to step in and nationalise the air transport industry and accordingly two autonomous Corporations were created on August 1, 1953.
Indian Airlines was formed with the merger of eight domestic airlines to operate domestic services, while Air India International was established to operate the overseas services.
Accidents and incidents
- On 15 July 1953, a BOAC
- DH.106 Comet
- landed at Juhu Aerodrome instead of Mumbai's much largerSanta Cruz International Airport. The aircraft was flown out some nine days later.
- On 28 May 1968, the pilot of a Garuda Indonesia Convair 990
- also mistook Juhu Aerodrome for Santacruz Airport and tried to land his aircraft. It overshot the runway falling just short of the traffic road ahead and several residential buildings when its nose wheel got stuck in a ditch at the end of the runway. All passengers survived.
- On 24 December 1972, Japan Airlines Flight 472, operated by Douglas DC-8-53
 |
| Convair 990 |
 |
| Douglas DC-8-53 |
also landed at Juhu Aerodrome instead of Santacruz Airport. The
aircraft overran the end of the runway and was damaged beyond economic
repair. International Airport , Santacruz Built in 1948[people looking at one of the first jet plane in bombay]
NOW
====================================================================
Juhu Airport Mumbai India - Landing on Runway 08 - YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPtxz_3DymA
Oct 28, 2014 - Uploaded by Byron Pederson
B200 King Air passing over Juhu Beach and landing on runway 08 at the Juhu Airport. ... Indian Airforce ...Indian Airforce - Hercules C130J Landing - Juhu Aerodrome - Mumbai ...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dgx5UFyeNWQ
Mar 24, 2015 - Uploaded by Pratik Gupta
On 24th March, 2015 - The Indian Airforce conducted a military exercise to test the short landing capabilities ...
====================================================================
New plan approved for Juhu Aerodrome’s security coverPosted On Thursday, May 24, 2012 at 03:14:35 AM
Juhu
Aerodrome authorities finalised a security plan for the 384-acre
aerodrome, which divides the premises into 'operational' and
'non-operational' areas, to ensure tighter security.
Currently the aerodrome - the city's only helibase - is protected by 27 private security guards approved by the Maharshtra State Private Security Guard Board, which the authorities believe is woefully inadequate.
After conducting a survey of the area a couple of years ago, the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) had declared that the aerodrome requires 174 personnel to man it. However, the new plan was drawn up after aviation ministry officials made some back-of-the-envelope calculations and found that paying 174 personnel would cost more than what the aerodrome earns annually.
(According to officials, the cost of hiring 174 CISF men would cost around Rs 14 crores annually, while the aerodrome - where around 100 helicopters land and take off every day - earns between Rs 8-10 crores annually.)
The 'operational' area, including the runway and hangars, will now have a higher number of security personnel, while the 'non-operational' areas, including the residential quarters, will have fewer guards. Sources said that the state police-owned Maharashtra State Security Corporation has approached airport authorities with a proposal to provide armed security personnel to Juhu aerodrome at Rs 18,000 per personnel per month. An official added that a proposal to have 25 policemen from the state/city constabulary had already been approved.
An official added that they have spent several crores for bachelor accommodation for 80 personnel in preparation for hiring a larger number over the past few years. However, a source said that after CISF authorities demanded that those who were married should receive a one Bedroom-Hall-Kitchen (BHK) accommodation in Juhu, officials said that it would be impossible, especially within the government house rent allowance stipulations.
========================================================================Currently the aerodrome - the city's only helibase - is protected by 27 private security guards approved by the Maharshtra State Private Security Guard Board, which the authorities believe is woefully inadequate.
After conducting a survey of the area a couple of years ago, the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) had declared that the aerodrome requires 174 personnel to man it. However, the new plan was drawn up after aviation ministry officials made some back-of-the-envelope calculations and found that paying 174 personnel would cost more than what the aerodrome earns annually.
(According to officials, the cost of hiring 174 CISF men would cost around Rs 14 crores annually, while the aerodrome - where around 100 helicopters land and take off every day - earns between Rs 8-10 crores annually.)
The 'operational' area, including the runway and hangars, will now have a higher number of security personnel, while the 'non-operational' areas, including the residential quarters, will have fewer guards. Sources said that the state police-owned Maharashtra State Security Corporation has approached airport authorities with a proposal to provide armed security personnel to Juhu aerodrome at Rs 18,000 per personnel per month. An official added that a proposal to have 25 policemen from the state/city constabulary had already been approved.
An official added that they have spent several crores for bachelor accommodation for 80 personnel in preparation for hiring a larger number over the past few years. However, a source said that after CISF authorities demanded that those who were married should receive a one Bedroom-Hall-Kitchen (BHK) accommodation in Juhu, officials said that it would be impossible, especially within the government house rent allowance stipulations.
The Juhu runway extension plan was proposed to start in 2010, but the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) did not give its NOC then. However, in 2011, with Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) rules permitting roads on stilts in CRZ-I areas (within 100 metres of the shoreline), the project looks all set to take off.
Project runway
2010: The year Juhu runway extension plan was proposed
2020 metres: The proposed length of the runway
100: Number of flight operations (small aircraft), would be shifted to Juhu airport once operational
================================================================
Versova link gets coastal body nod
The MCZMA will now write to the Union environment ministry to allow the construction of the two projects, said Valsa Nair-Singh, secretary, environment. The go-ahead from the MCZMA is considered a virtual green signal from the Union environment ministry as well
=========================================================================
Nod for Bandra-Versova sea link
First Published: 01:43 IST(30/12/2011)
Last Updated: 01:44 IST(30/12/2011)
Last Updated: 01:44 IST(30/12/2011)
A government resolution issued on Thursday by the Public Works Department(Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation) said that the decision to construct a 10 km sea bridge 900 metres into the sea, from Bandra to Versova, had been finalised after considering four options. This alignment of the sea link had been recommended by MSRDC-appointed consultants Parsons Brinckerhoff, which carried out a feasibility study.
The GR states that the consultants recommended the sea link option after looking at preliminary cost estimates, environmental concerns and the new Coastal Regulatory Zone notification 2011.
This alignment has also got a go-ahead from the MSRDC board and was under consideration by the state. The state government, after consultations with the planning department and approval of the finance department, has now cleared this alignment.
The 8-lane link, which will run from Bandra to Versova, will have two connectors/inlets for vehicles at Carter Road junction (near Otters Club) and at Juhu Koliwada.
The sea link has got a green nod from the state coastal body and has been awaiting clearance from the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). "If we opt for mixed alignment or coastal road, we will have to struggle for clearances. MoEF is unlikely to clear the coastal road in a jiffy. In that time, the sea link project can take off," said a senior official, who did not wish to be named. There have been consistent flip-flops in the government in the last year on whether the Western Freeway project, aimed at linking south Mumbai to the western suburbs, should be a sea link or a coastal road.
Chief Minister Prithviraj Chavan, who has been keen on a coastal road as it is cost effective, had set up a committee led by municipal commissioner Subodh Kumar to carry out a techno-feasibility report on the project. The report is likely to be submitted this week. This has already delayed the proposed Worli-Haji Ali sea link.
First look: Rs 4,300-crore Versova-Bandra Sea Link
Posted On Thursday, December 06, 2012 at 04:37:03 AM
Artist’s impressions of the Versova-Bandra arm of the Sea Link, which in the future will extend all the way to Nariman Point along Mumbai’s western coast, shows three entry/exit points on the nine-km stretch, and one spot for a proposed extension in the future. The plans, accessed by Mumbai Mirror, have already received one set of environmental clearances, and the MSRDC (the nodal agency for the Rs 4,340-crore project) is now preparing the groundwork for the tender process. The link runs approximately 900 metres off the coast. The Maharashtra Coastal Zone Management Authority (MCZMA) has cleared the project, and passed it on to the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) with a recommendation that it be given a final go-ahead. A marine geo-technical investigation, to obtain information on the physical properties of rock and soil on the sea-bed, began in October, and the MSRDC hopes to begin construction in January, 2014. A five-year deadline has been set for the project to be completed. 45 Minutes that commuters will save, according to MSRDC estimates 14 The number of signals you will skip by using the Versova-Bandra Sea Link 1500 Metres. The average depth of the superstructure 9.3 Kilometers. The (approximate) length of the Versova-Bandra Sea Link 16 Kilometers. The total length of roads that will be built, including the three connecting arms 2019 The year this segment of the Sea Link will be completed, if all goes to plan At Versova, the Sea Link will join inland near Nana Nani Park, from where commuters can go right towards Juhu Circle, or left towards Yari Road. This connector will consist of six lanes (three in each direction).
1 / 5
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The Versova-Bandra Sea Link meets the Bandra-Worli segment at a clover leaf intersection. A few kilometers before this, at the Otters Club end of Carter Road, space has been marked out for another connector, which can be built in the future.
The Juhu Koliwada connector will cut land on the stretch of beach at one end of Khar Danda, near Juhu Koliwada, and then go further inland before turning left towards Juhu road. This stretch will have four lanes.
The project plan includes a 150-metre cable-stayed bridge (similar to the stretch at the Reclamation end of the Bandra-Worli Sea Link) at Juhu beach, to ensure water transport is not affected.
Balance cantilever bridges with 100-metre spans will be built near Chimbai in Bandra, Khardanda and Juhu Koliwada - all fishing villages - to ensure fishermen can navigate the waters without difficulty.
This graphic shows how the approach path of Juhu airport’s main runway interferes with operations on Mumbai airport’s secondary runway. G raphic/Amit Bandre
Security at Juhu airport gets a boost
RELATED
MUMBAI: Security at Juhu airport finally got some boost after the local
police sanctioned around 30 police personnel to guard the perimeter
area. The airport has been battling sever security issues for the last
few years with neighbouring slums spilling into the operations area.
There have been reports of slum dwellers intruding into the operations
field at will despite a live runway with aircraft operating on it. Airport Authority of India (AAI) officials have been unable to construct a boundary wall to keep the slums at bay.
Airport officials said that finally a total of of 30 policemen will guard the airport. Some of the personnel is armed and will be patrolling the airport periphery even during the night. "this is likely to bring down the theft cases and will secure the air-filed too," said a senior airport official. "We are trying to get more people so that the work on the wall can also be undertaken,' he added. Officials said that despite a request for about 200 Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) personnel at the Delhi headquarters, no strength has been sanctioned.
Despite the repeated terror threats which have categorically suggested aerial strike or hijack as a possibility, Juhu airport has been a vulnerable air-field.
Airport officials said that finally a total of of 30 policemen will guard the airport. Some of the personnel is armed and will be patrolling the airport periphery even during the night. "this is likely to bring down the theft cases and will secure the air-filed too," said a senior airport official. "We are trying to get more people so that the work on the wall can also be undertaken,' he added. Officials said that despite a request for about 200 Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) personnel at the Delhi headquarters, no strength has been sanctioned.
Despite the repeated terror threats which have categorically suggested aerial strike or hijack as a possibility, Juhu airport has been a vulnerable air-field.
Bombay now>>>>MUMBAI
VINTAGE BOMBAY-SCHOOLS,COLLEGES,HOSPITALS ;19 th &EARLY 20 TH CENTURY
Sir Cowasjee Jehangir Building, Elphinstone College, Bombay.
![Sir Dinshaw Manackjee Petit Hospital, [Bombay].](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjgFPk4yzpQqJKLQ0eKT4XK5SXABL48iGR-FladLVG0vykSrIrWsB9QJu5wQJy247wO45N4thGveJTa3moTL3aTFYWXggca60UjZYULvpjAl2QLVvZyBrOw-QsM4s3MPihiSZFI8LTYPLvQXIHkcgmrUk2rid7G7YDR_ClePDlQo046ZUY5w3Q=s0-d)
Bai Motlibai Hospital, [Bombay].
![Bai Motlibai Hospital, [Bombay].](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEgaUEKZPs79KLdZXgRDeQUR0ytdKqjFVaCZqXTFH8QePxSWBjSr7wHCQjfutMsYX2TWazBAc52TUTmRv3pe0jwyilRrLBBFJfZRKCowq89CcGVKrNtcO89DOuGKaUSTRJ3BHWQTe3uS6hZdx5RVWDpDTUUXofjNrE_WpHG5sHslLny-un_OsmE=s0-d)
'Bombay Native Hospital ... constructed at the joint expense of Sir Jamsetee Jeejeebhoy & the East India Company'. By C. Rosenberg after W. J. Huggins, published Collett and Co., 1843.
Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy's Hospital, Bombay, 'Side and front Elevations'. Published c.1842
The Grant Medical College, with part of Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy's Hospital, Bombay.'--Artist: Sargent, G.R. (fl. c.1844) Medium: Engraving Date: 1844
Engraving of the Grant Medical College showing part of Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy's Hospital in Bombay by G. R. Sargent from his own drawing and published by him in London in 1844. The engraving was printed by M & N Hanhart. The Grant Medical College and the Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy Hospital were built in the 1840s and funded jointly by Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy and the East India Company. Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy (1783-1859) was a Parsi merchant and eminent philanthropist. The Grant Medical College is shown in the foreground of this view. It was named after Sir Robert Grant, the Governor of Bombay between 1835 and 1838.
Class with teacher in vernacular school, Bombay
Group of mistress and pupils of the Government Normal School, Bombay19TH CENTURY
Group of pupils of the Alexandra Native Girls' Institution, Bombay 4639
Group of pupils of the Alexandra Native Girls' Institution, Bombay--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1873
A Parsi girls school, Bombay," in an albumen photo by Taurines, c.1880's
*"Parsee children, Bombay," from 'India and its Native Princes' by Louis Rousselet, 1878*
Mumbai’s The Cathedral & John Connon School.
ANTIQUE POST CARD-SCHOOL BOYS AND TEACHER-BOMBAY.THE SCHOOL BOYS ARE USING PALM LEAF BOOKS -IN THEIR HANDS,VEDA
Class with mistress in a mofussil or up-country girls' school, Bombay
Group of Parsee pupils and masters in class of the Elphinstone High School, Bombay --
Group of pupils of the Alexandra Native Girls' Institution, Bombay--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1873
Photograph of pupils of the Alexandra Native Girls' Institution at Bombay in Maharashtra from the Archaeological Survey of India Collections: India Office Series (Volume 46), taken by an unknown photographer in c. 1873. This image was probably exhibited at the Vienna Universal Exhibition of the same year. Female education in india grew dramatically in the latter part of the nineteenth century. The Imperial Gazetteer of India states regarding female education, "The Government did not take up the subject until 1849, when Lord Dalhousie informed the Bengal Council of Education that henceforth its functions were to embrace female education, and the first girls' school recognized by Government was founded shortly afterwards by a committee of native gentlemen. The despatch of of 1854 directed that female education should receive the frank and cordial support of Government...The Education Commission of 1882 advised that female education should receive special encouragement and special liberality...The adoption of this attitude has resulted in a considerable development of the public instruction of girls, although it still lags far behind that of their brothers. In 1871 there were 134 secondary and 1,760 primary girls' schools; in 1901-2 the numbers were 461 and 5,628 respectively."
Group of Maratha pupils and masters in class of the Elphinstone High School, Bombay--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1873
Photograph of a group of pupils from the Juggunath Shankarset Girls' School at Bombay in Maharashtra from the Archaeological Survey of India Collections: India Office Series (Volume 46), taken by an unknown photographer in c. 1873. This image of pupils posed on the verandah was probably shown at the Vienna Exhibition of that year. On the photograph, there is a letterpress caption, above the main caption, which reads "Student's Literary & Scientific Society, founded 1848. President Dr Bhau Daji." S.M. Edwardes wrote in The Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island (3 vols, Bombay (1909-10), "...The Students' Literary and Scientific Society, which supported nine vernacular free schools for girls, attended by 654 pupils, of whom 136 were Marathi-speaking Hindus, 120 Gujarati Hindus and 398 Parsis...The formation of this society was promoted by Professor Patton of the Elphinstone College in 1848. It was intended by the student and assistant teachers of the Elphinstone Institution to be a mutual improvement society and to aid the dissemination of knowledge by means of vernacular lectures and the publication of cheap periodicals in the vernacular languages..."
A girls' school operating in Jagannath Shankar Seth's residential complex
Jagannath Shankar Shet (10 October 1800 – 31 July 1865), was a notable Indian Philanthropist and a revolutionary Educationalist. He was born in 1800 in the wealthy Murkute family of Goldsmiths of the Daivadnya Caste in Mumbai (Bombay). He was one of the founders of Elphinstone College, and Indian Railway Association that became part of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway. He was the first Indian member to be nominated to the Legislative Council of Bombay under the XXTY 26 Act of 1861, a member of the Bombay Board of Education, and also the first Indian member of the famous Asiatic Society of Bombay.
[View] Over university and Secretariat (sq. tower), S. from Rajabai Tower, Bombay, India- Photographer: Ricalton, James Medium: Photographic print Date: 1903
![[View] Over university and Secretariat (sq. tower), S. from Rajabai Tower, Bombay, India](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEiXPG_TxmL1yohJt4rvt4VE0MhaNbw7PNj5tnAzH6FQp9E9-MD81LZl8GGMOy7Lw9j0uWT9aHbG5xy7jSVP1KW3dWZa7hKCDti6iEAO39WMLi-bzUc4rercG3J5rqkCZLrdQ2CWfbwC5SIrXhyphenhyphenisD9R9rP1AsBZawR8iYCVtseJ1Wt6ze9RxQY=s0-d)
Group of pupils of the Bhagwandas Purshottum Girls' School, Bombay--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1873
Photograph of a group of pupils from the Bhagwandas Purshottum Girls' School at Bombay in Maharashtra from the Archaeological Survey of India Collections: India Office Series (Volume 46), taken by an unknown photographer in c. 1873. This image of pupils posed on the verandah was probably shown at the Vienna Exhibition of that year. On the photograph, there is a letterpress caption, above the main caption, which reads "Student's Literary & Scientific Society, founded 1848. President Dr Bhau Daji." S.M. Edwardes wrote in The Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island (3 vols, Bombay (1909-10), "...The Students' Literary and Scientific Society, which supported nine vernacular free schools for girls, attended by 654 pupils, of whom 136 were Marathi-speaking Hindus, 120 Gujarati Hindus and 398 Parsis...The formation of this society was promoted by Professor Patton of the Elphinstone College in 1848. It was intended by the student and assistant teachers of the Elphinstone Institution to be a mutual improvement society and to aid the dissemination of knowledge by means of vernacular lectures and the publication of cheap periodicals in the vernacular languages..."
The Opthalmic Hospital, Bombay.--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1870
Class in the Alexandra Native Girls' Institution, Bombay--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1873
Alexandra Native Girls' English Institution, Bombay. 40-Photographer: Narayen, Shivashanker Medium: Photographic print Date: 1890
Lady Supt's Quarters, St George's Hospital, [Bombay].--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1890
Male Ward, St George's Hospital, [Bombay].--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1890
Photograph of the Male Ward at St George's Hospital in Bombay from the
'Album of architectural and topographical views, mostly in South Asia'
taken by an unknown photographer in the 1890s. St George's Hospital was
designed by John Adams (1845-1920) and completed in 1892. Adams joined
the Public Works Department in 1869. Working principally in the
Neo-Gothic style dominant in Bombay at this time, Adams designed over 25
buildings in the city. His commissions included the Wilson College and
the Royal Bombay Yacht Club. In this view of the Male Ward at St
George's Hospital we can see that the building is punctuated with
arcades and has a high pitched roof.
![Male Ward, St George's Hospital, [Bombay].](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEj9CzWtDCrhE68wRyFcDQDaXPC9732t1mvkgZzKqQvWhnDBwALZqvUihuunxJ1xvTeAwEGwYunE_BHSjCE3zT44anS4TtHVv3OQRfRUC5KqlY3R2RcpbL2Py5DFb_Utv41lnjURyLKR-DPMj7SAHlTSTH82bw-p0gRn_Bp5iqWXRWRXv1vsm14=s0-d)
![Lady Supt's Quarters, St George's Hospital, [Bombay].](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEga35dtjuPT2A0ADCKheJ4SJBejd6jB7bepSx_FsAima2cVBJ9LmDJmnhUGG8NeyIeGQHWurCQBompV3hOjWtMd7H731pdf49jOPZM764zS9VnOVKPYexiI7_mpatkQW5DiYk1k0hvjycglunmSpS9n9lzdVvQOKsqlcV7I4Imq7XVZ0ZX3Xs0=s0-d)
Photograph of the New Cathedral High School in Bombay from the 'Album
of architectural and topographical views, mostly in South Asia' taken
by an unknown photographer in the 1890s. The New Cathedral High School
was built by Khan Bahadur Muncherjee Cowasjee Murzban (1839-1917).
Murzban was born in Bombay and trained at the Engineering College in
Pune. He oversaw the construction of the General Post Office and the
Chief Presidency Magistrate’s Court in the city. This view of the
school shows a four-storey structure articulated with arcades,
balconies and a high pitched roof.
Anjuman-i-Islam School, [Bombay]--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1890
![Anjuman-i-Islam School, [Bombay].](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEhc9OmLFzUGcNBe2_0Pf2x73eG3Ul5XhJ-QA3hcnOJFTMZmAxF8-lmgoxxgCvwgdtYpSQsBYzz5cC_pdDeknTgp3dT8Ht3fsyumU5S-LSWy3RUWXpvfza4QdxqDHoDiY-Ytb1p6o2HHqd-wwBzBHlsRREia7AzmeXnqFJpJfxDHqGDT3QJMgXM=s0-d)
Photograph of the Anjuman-i-Islam School from the 'Album of architectural and topographical views, mostly in South Asia' taken by an unknown photographer in the 1890s. The school was designed by James Willcocks and overseen by Khan Bahadur Muncherjee Cowasjee Murzban. It was completed in 1893. The structure has a Indo-Saracenic style cupola. This prominant architectural feature can be observed in this exterior view of the building.
Lady Hardings war hospital, Bombay, India, c1918.
![Main line looking down gullet from N.W. corner, south jetty [Victoria Dock construction, Bombay].](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEgrWPjC1pSxQT-BRGvm0HZ6On848hG3u7w-DNBtECSZZFRLvLVcgqKNsTAwDiQZUiNM0hdY9NJfGVpz-BIw23tkVZxLxfQriAHjqbU1TQqAhLaT7zoNGKa02K3758IQ799dQq3VXABImzet9SEwaTXV8hiDUrNM1YsfuuZh6IFVuCp8ZA=s0-d)
Thursday, February 24, 2011
1934-FIRST AIR CONDITIONED TRAIN[ Frontier Mail ] IN INDIA USED ICE BLOCKS TO COOL THE TRAIN . VINTAGE BOMBAY TRAINS ,
SEE:- The name "Dadar" signifies a small stairway built on the eastern edge of Mahim Island;::--http://oldphotosbombay.blogspot.in/2010/12/name-dadar-signifies-small-stair
BOMBAY TO TANNA(THANA)THE FIRST STEAM ENGINE PULLED TRAIN TOOK ONE HOUR
SEE:-STORY AND HISTORY OF -INDIAN TRAINS AFTER INDEPENDENCE :-http://pazhayathu.blogspot.in/2010/08/story-and-history-of-indian-trains.html
1853
On April 16th, at 3:35pm, the first train in India leaves Bombay for Thane
Pictures of BBCIR and Western Railway suburban system of Bombay (Mumbai) from the yesteryears:-
A white Metro Cammell EMU rake of Western Railway arrives at Churchgate.
Parked on the adjacent platform and ready to depart is an original
1928 Cammell Laird rake.
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| CHURCH GATE STATION |
The special train leaving the new Churchgate Station for Mahalaxmi after opening ceremony - 1957 (R Harish Kumar)
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BBCIR Bombay suburban railway time table cover date 1908.12.01 The system extended from Colaba to Virar at this time.
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IRFCA PHOTO GALLERY
BBCIR / Western Railway Suburban System
Album: BBCIR / Western Railway Suburban SystemMain line looking down gullet from N.W. corner, south jetty [Victoria Dock construction, Bombay 19TH CENTURY PHOTO
![Main line looking down gullet from N.W. corner, south jetty [Victoria Dock construction, Bombay].](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEghbj89lRmTLBmX2qIRzD6goLb70jPLCD-kzG3LzxFSgoeiSyh35wNTO5GGWKpe4z8W1x38aYVXtWaU2yUNdX_QU8sqtyw3XqI-yPeAFBBZrbORo18XLOSzo_4eVpUr2rk7YKGGUoLZob1R6BVa9KfFxdWI1R7rXzW-zSQLKtGpb4hbDEAr-QI=s0-d)
View of incline. Truck and engine with bottom girder of one gate going down to entrance [Victoria Dock construction, Bombay].
![View of incline. Truck and engine with bottom girder of one gate going down to entrance [Victoria Dock construction, Bombay].](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEhPeip1WBNkouH9IFhDBOp2E_tX9Ph92lgwdGfcm8DcshfVQUTCkxAJAMd-Fl032XkPQ7T3OxJe7ggaA5K7hyphenhyphenx4dW4sXtfi8xvnV8dcWA70rxV6AR85sybErkLWn2Ooy2ZrKOsdI9_3h8l_Kh5bIKS9sfRPvCb1FmpV3kushW0L8TIhzKWVwIE=s0-d)
1969-BOMBAY CENTRAL STATION
Having left from Colaba RAILWAY STATION, this is the Frontier Mail steaming out of Bombay Central on her inaugural run on 1 Sept. 1928. The train now originates/terminates from Bombay Central, as Colaba station is no more in existance.
On Armstice day[Armistice Day is the anniversary of the official end of World War I, November 11, 1918. It commemorates the armistice signed between the Allies and Germany at Compiègne, France, for the cessation of hostilities on the Western Front], a special 'Frontier Mail' was run by the BB&CI Railway from Bombay. Souvenirs were distributed to the passengers travelling on the train, which was then the fastest daily service in India. The restaurant car was tastefully decorated with poppies as a symbol of Armstice Day. In this pic, taken at the Ballard Pier Station in Bombay, Lady Jackson (wife of Sir Ernst Jackson, Agent, BB&CIR) is seen placing a bouquet of poppies on the engine of the special train. (Picture supplied by John Lacey.)
All
the Frontier Mail's upper class cars had electric lighting and
fans. The restaurant car was liberally stocked with an
abundant supply of newspapers, magazines, 'News Bulletins',
books, stationery, and playing cards.
The
restuarant car, when not in use, would be kept open for use as
a lounge car, serving light refreshments. The rolling stock at
that time was of the latest pattern, complete with every
modern convenience. In keeping with an almost unanimous desire
from the traveling gentry, the train was specifically comprised
of 'non corridor' stock throughout, which offered a
certain degree of privacy and space, something so very important on
such a long journey. In fact, the snooty British sahebs mention
that 'this is also for the first time these facilities have
been offered to passengers in India'.
BOMBAY -General view of a new restaurant car for the Frontier Mail, circa 1929 , Interior of the car . One of the Frontier's restaurant cars was named 'Queen of Rajputana'.
The
Frontier Mail's dining car was not very large, but it was
spacious. There was no air conditioning, but ceiling fans cooled
the car interior quite efficiently. White damask on the tables
coupled with white napkins was a cumpolsory feature.
Silver
cutlery and exquisite crockery with crystal fruit platters
were placed on each table, along with salt and pepper shakers.
The table settings had to be perfect,with different forks and
knives for each course. Immaculately clean and hygienicApart from catering, the catering company was also expected to service the rest rooms at various stations in Gujarat. Since the dining car service was offered to first class passengers only, every single detail had to be taken care of. Any tarnished cutlery was sent for replating. Any chipped crockey too was promptly discarded.
Separate menu cards were provided for breakfast, luncheon and dinner.
It was a joke in the railway circles of yesteryear that if a youth wanted to lure his lady love into eloping with him, he would entice here to ride on the Frontier Mail. Even today, the Frontier is a much favored train among honeymooners, due to the cosy coupes offered.
1934-FIRST AIR CONDITIONED TRAIN[ Frontier Mail ] IN INDIA USED ICE BLOCKS TO COOL THE TRAIN
![Image result for 1934-FIRST AIR CONDITIONED TRAIN[ Frontier Mail ] IN INDIA USED ICE BLOCKS TO COOL THE TRAIN](https://st.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya22/0/9/6/2/3597962/0/mainqimg7de2c2336eb125196db1a1e37c89650bc55656.jpg)
Workmen top off a reefer's top-mounted bunkers with crushed ice.
Golden Temple Mail (PT)/12903 Travel Forum - Railway Enquiry
The competition between the BB & CI and GIP Railways is almost legendary. As long ago as 1855, when the GIP Railway was struggling to obtain approval from England for construction of a line across the Western Ghats, the rival BB& CI Railway jumped in with its proposal that an alternative route via Baroda would be more practicable, it would avoid the arduous ghats, and this new line could connect with the East Indian Railway, something which the GIP Railway had been hoping to achieve once it got permission to cross the ghats anyway. Beginning with that, the competiton carried on till both the Railways had their own trains running from Bombay to Peshawar: the GIP's Punjab Limited, and now the BB & CI's Frontier Mail.
FIRST AIR CONDITIONED COMPARTMENT [INDIANS WERE ALLOWED INSIDE?! OR WAS IT ONLY FOR THE WHITE MEN?}
A circa 1870 refrigerator car design. Hatches in the roof provided access to the ice tanks at each end
This "Rex" car is the modern version of an express refrigerator car
which was filled with ice to keep produce fresh when ship long distances.
Videos
"Fearless" Nadia in "Miss Frontier Mail"(1936)
STORY OF PUNJAB MAIL:-
PUNJAB MAIL-BOMBAY VT - FEROZEPORE[The Punjab Mail in the 1930s behind an EA/1 (later WCP/1) locomotive]
PUNJAB MAIL 1930
The Punjab Mail leaves New
BOMBAY CENTRAL STATION-1960
Bombay-Poona Mail, Great Indian Peninsular
1891
The Dapoorie Viaduct on the original line in 1855 -~1853 – The first passenger train of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway left Bori Bunder station in Bombay for Tannah. The train took 57 minutes to reach Tannah, covering a distance of a distance of 21 miles (33.8 km). 3 locomotives named Sultan, Sindh and Sahib pulled the 14 carriages with 400 passengers on board.
Railway Bridge on Bhore Ghaut Incline.--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1855
photograph of a view of the Bhore Incline, near Bombay from the 'Vibart Collection of Views in South India' taken by an unknown photographer about 1855. India’s vast railway network is an enduring legacy of the East India Company. In 1853 there were 32kms of tracks, whereas by 1948 there were nearly 50,000kms. The railway connecting Thana through the Thal and Bhor Ghat inclines was the initiative of George Clark, Chief Engineer of the Bombay Government. The Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company developed the scheme in the 1840s and the Bhor Ghat pass was opened in 1861 as the main route over the Western Ghats linking the sea coast with the Deccan.
Railway Bridge on Bhore Ghaut.--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1855 
Railway tunnel, near Khandalla. 
Ghaut scenery, with distant view of railway cutting
khandala station [ 1860?]
First GIPR[GREAT INDIAN PENINSULAR RAILWAYS=NOW CENTRAL RAILWAY] EMU, 1924--BOMBAY TO POONA[PUNE]
GIPR's Wadi Bunder viaduct, 1925. Scan provided by John Lacey.
Inauguration of electric traction by the GIPR, 1925. Scan provided by John Lacey.
First GIPR EMU, 1924(?). Scan provided by John Lacey.
View of the Bhore Ghat, from a photograph at the India Office, London. Scan provided by John Lacey.
Steam-hauled train ascending the Bhore Ghat, 1929. Scan provided by John Lacey.
GIPR trains (one freight, one passenger) on the Bhore ghat, 1929. Scan provided by John Lacey.
an inspection car on the 2' 0" Neral Matheran line
Bhore Ghauts.--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1855[before railways were built]
A photograph of a view of the Bhore Ghauts near Bombay from the 'Vibart Collection of Views in South India' taken by by an unknown photographer about 1855. The reversing station on the Bhore Ghat Incline under construction, with the hill known as the Duke's Nose in the distance. The idea of a railway to connect Bombay with Thane, Kalyan and with the Thal and Bhore Ghat inclines first occurred to Mr. George Clark, the Chief Engineer of the Bombay Government, during a visit to Bhandup in 1843. But it was not until 1856 that Bhore Ghat, 15.75 miles in length was begun under the direction of engineer William Frederick Faviell. The work was continued by Solomon Tredwell after Faviell's death in 1859. About 42,000 workers (peak of 1861) including many tribals, 32 different classes of artisans & labourers (10,822 drillers/miners, 2659 masons, buttiwalas to load & fire blasts, storekeepers, timekeepers, interpreters, filemen, platelayers, trumpeters for mustering people, thatchers, harness makers etc worked here. Coolies travelled on an average of 15-20 miles a day and carried an estimated 6,296,061 cubic yards of earthwork on heads.
Bhor Ghat, Reversing Station:-
Photograph
of the Bhor Ghat reversing station from the 'Lee-Warner Collection:
'Bombay Presidency. William Lee Warner C.S.' taken by an unknown
photographer in the 1870s. The Bhor Ghat reversing station is situated
at a height of 2027 feet on the Great Peninsula railway line from Bombay
to Pune in Maharashtra. This route required passing over the western
Ghats. In addition to the reversing station, there were 25 tunnels and
22 bridges. On the 25 January 1869, there was an accident at Bhor Ghat
when a mail train was unable to brake.
The most magnificent railway station in the world, Bombay, India--Photographer: Ricalton, James Medium: Photographic print Date: 1903
View from N.E. corner looking S., forming with A [print 44], a complete panoramic view of works from N.E. [Victoria Dock construction, Bombay].-Photographer: Taurines, E. Medium: Photographic print Date: 1887-
The
idea for the construction of a wet docks for the use of shipping in
Bombay harbour was first suggested by M. Malet when member of Council in
1855. In 1866, Russell Aitken, Executive Engineer to the Municipality
prepared the foundation of a Harbour and Dock Trust which could raise
money for the construction of wet docks on the Elphinstone and Mody Bay
reclamations as private companies had gone into a recession. In 1875,
the first stone was laid in the hope that the new dock would create a
prosperous revolution in the trade of Bombay. In April 1879, the
Prince's Dock was thrown open by the Governor of Bombay, Sir Richard
Temple. In 1884, it was decided to extend the dock and construction then
began on the Victoria Dock.
![B. - View from N.E. corner looking S., forming with A [print 44], a complete panoramic view of works from N.E. [Victoria Dock construction, Bombay].](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEgB13zjxHNbEq6v_64EMA9-zhRULRYOgPQlbgPg8sPyYRpoVUoVoMcbU-dz-wxqIN0J9IOhIabv8qaxceZIYff5WydtbF03RjeqVxIMSSxJrp97MsiM-6NOFj3jKiFg97ApdsUcXiZeK_GrIw1PNcIT042g8hszQlqnyeIpXaLKPoSwlIbAEOQ=s0-d)
Khandalla on the Bhore Ghaut, Bombay.--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1860
his print was taken by an unknown photographer in the 1860s. It shows a view of Khandala, a small hill station in the state of Maharashtra, within the Sahyadri Mountains. In the nineteenth century such hill resorts became the favoured retreats of the British
The Frontier Mail of yore leaving Mole Station in 1928 at the start of its very long journey to Peshawar (which is now in Pakistan). Today the train runs upto Amritsar, and has been renamed the Golden Temple Mail.
1/ 27
Indian Railways' first electric train ran on February 03, 1925, Electric Multiple Unit services with four-cars. The train was flagged off by then Bombay Governor Sir Leslie Orme Wilson. The first service ran from the then Bombay VT (now Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Mumbai) to Coorla (now Kurla) on harbour line. (Image: Special Arrangement)
2/ 27
Indian Railways' first electric train from the then Bombay VT (now Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Mumbai) to Coorla (now Kurla) on harbour line on February 03, 1925. (Image: Special Arrangement)
3/ 27
April 16, 2019, marks the 166th anniversary of India's first passenger
train journey in which 400 invited passengers travelled in 14 carriages
on a 57-minute journey from Bori Bunder in Bombay (now Mumbai) to Thane.
Since that first journey in 1853, railways have become one of the most
important modes of transportation in the country. Here's a look back at
the early days of Indian railways in a series of vintage photographs.
A train carrying livestock passes Rohtas Fort, India. The area is now part of Pakistan. (Image: Getty Images)
ADVERTISING
5/ 27
Two storied, third-class carriage on the Bombay, Baroda and Central India railway. (Image: Getty Images)
8/ 27
Electric locomotive type EF 1, number 4514. This broad gauge (5'6') locomotive ran on the Great Indian Peninsula Railway. Most GIPR trains were hauled by steam traction at this time, although some of the busier lines were electrified in the 1920s and 1930s. (Image: Getty Images)
ADVERTISING
9/ 27
A railway reversing station on the Bhore Ghat Incline, near the town of Poona or Pune in Maharashtra on the edge of the Western Ghats. Pune is the junction point for two railways from Bombay (now Mumbai) to Madras (now Chennai). (Image: Getty Images)
10/ 27
Works photograph of Madras Railway '0-6-0' locomotive, 1858, Order No 245 Left hand side elevation with tender. (Image: Getty Images)
11/ 27
A railway reversing station on the Bhore Ghat Incline, near the town of Poona or Pune in Maharashtra on the edge of the Western Ghats. (Image: Getty Images)
12/ 27
A view of the Scinde Delhi and Punjab Railway, a few miles from Lahore, looking towards Meean Mir on the plains of Punjab in Northern India (modern day Pakistan). (Image: Getty Images)
15/ 27
A view of Victoria Station, Mumbai (Bombay). Built-in 1888 to a design by Frederick William Stevens, it is now known as the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus. (Image: Getty Images)
16/ 27
Mumbai-Pune Mail (started as Bombay-Poona Mail) was a luxurious train on the Mumbai-Pune section by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway. (Image: Getty Images)
ADVERTISING
17/ 27
D5 class 4-6-0 steam locomotive number 1525. This broad gauge (5'6') locomotive ran on the Great Indian Peninsula Railway. Most GIPR trains were hauled by steam traction at this time, although some of the busier lines were electrified in the 1920s and 1930s. The GIPR was opened in 1853, from Bombay to Thane. It expanded quickly and by 1870 stretched all the way across India to Calcutta. (Image: Getty Images)
20/ 27
Inside a Great Indian Peninsula Railway dining car, probably first class. At this time long-distance trains had dining cars, but some shorter journeys did not have dining facilities. Trains stopped at certain stations for passengers to visit refreshment rooms. The food served in the dining cars was British rather than Indian, as the British were in control of India at this time. (Image: Getty Images)
21/ 27
Electric locomotive type EA 1, number 4000. This broad gauge (5'6') locomotive ran on the Great Indian Peninsula Railway. (Image: Getty Images)
22/ 27
Deccan Queen, India. Passenger train pulled by an electric locomotive number 4004. This train, on the Great Indian Peninsula Railway, took passengers between Poona (Pune) and Bombay (Mumbai), a distance of 118 miles. The line was electrified in 1929 to provide a more efficient service. (Image: Getty Images)
23/ 27
Bookstall inside the new main line station building at Victoria Terminus, Bombay, (now Mumbai). (Image: Getty Images)
24/ 27
British Governor of Bombay Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon, cuts the ribbon on a railway bridge over the River Karjan, to open the Rajpipla railway, during his state visit to the Kingdom of Rajpipla, Gujarat. (Image: Getty Images)
25/ 27
The loop at Agony Point at Tindharia on the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway', 1880s. The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway is a narrow gauge line connecting Siliguri and Darjeeling. It was built between 1879 and 1881. (Image: Getty Images)
27/ 27
Hand-coloured photograph of Indian workers building railway lines. (Image: Getty Images)
ASI [Archaeological Survey of India ]- fish out Elephanta island’s Roman links
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| Roman empire trade route to India |
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| ELEPHANTA ISLAND (NEAR MUMBAI GATE WAY OF INDIA) |
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| BOAT FROM ELEPHANTA CAVES TO MUMBAI GATE WAY OF INDIA |
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| GATE WAY OF INDIA ;OUTLINE OF ELEPHANTA ISLAND CAN BE SEEN IN DISTANCE |
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| ELEPHANTA ISLAND WITH FISHERMAN'S BOATS |
Extensive explorations on the island—its shores and the beaches—have revealed a treasure indicating existence of a rich trade with the late Roman Empire during the 4th to 7th century AD.
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| INSIDE ELEPHANTA CAVES |
The
findings establish it as a significant port of the period—a fact
hitherto unknown. And that people on the west coast liked imported goods
and Roman wine. The small island, east of Mumbai, was, so far, best
known for its cave temples and rock-cut images, specially of the
monolithic elephant which once stood on its southern tip.
With
the Underwater Archaeology Wing of the Archaeological Survey of India
(ASI) finding late Roman amphorae, coins and sherds of pottery —
including red polished ware, black slipped ware, red ware and some gray
ware — on Elephanta, the stage is now set for a proper excavation around
the island. The finding had come as a surprise, since so far, large
number of amphorae were found only in Kanchipuram and Arikamedu.
Amphora
is one of the principal vessel shapes in Greek pottery. They are
handled pots used to transport a variety of things including olives,
cereals, oil, wine, fish and even metal.
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| ROMAN AMPHORA FROM AN OLD SHIP WRECK |
Head
of ASI’s Underwater Archaeology Wing Dr Alok Tripathi had been quietly
exploring the island since 1988, but it’s only in the last two years
that extensive explorations were done. The richest site turned out to be
the area around village Mora Bandar on the island.
‘‘The
discovery of a large variety of amphorae and other antiquities on the
island may solve some of the historical riddles,’’ said Tripathi. In
addition to indicating continuity of trade with the western world during
5th-7th century AD, the findings may also answer why Chalukya King
Pulakesin II of Badami had invaded this small island with a tiny
population and limited natural resources in 634 AD.
 |
‘‘We
probably know why he did it. Elephanta appears to have been a
prosperous island with a thriving trade,’’ said the underwater
archaeologist. It is all the more significant since around the same
period, the cave temple on the island, enshrining Mahesmurti, was
excavated.
Since
the explorations had yielded rich treasures, the next logical thing is
to undertake detailed survey and excavation. Tripathi said that the area
around Mora Bandar is strewn with a large number of potsherds. ‘‘Even
the sand on the shore, at the north and the east of the village, is full
of potsherds washed away and rolled by the waves,’’ he said.
DEDICATED TO THE FIRST CITY-MUMBAI-[BOMBAY] ;OF INDIA.part-8 OF 9
HMS Calcutta -SHIP MADE IN BOMBAY 1831
HMS
Calcutta was an 84-gun second-rate ship-of-the-line of the Royal Navy,
built in teak to a draught by Sir Robert Seppings and launched on 14
March 1831 in Bombay. She was the only ship ever built to her draught.
She carried her complement of smooth-bore, muzzle-loading guns on two
gundecks. Her complement was 720 men (38 officers, 69 petty officers,
403 seamen, 60 boys and 150 marines).
In
1855 the ship had been in reserve, but was recommissioned for the war
between Russia and Britain and sailed for the Baltic. After two months
she was sent home again, as being useless for modern naval actions.
1526 -Bombay--naval fight between Gujerat sultan's fleet and Portuguese navy from Colaba via Sion to Bandra
On
leaving Chaul for Diu, 'on the day after Shrove Tuesday,' Sampayo came
unexpectedly on the Cambay fleet in Bombay harbour. After a furious
cannonade the Portuguese boarded the enemy and Alishah fled hoping to
escape by the Mahim creek.
View from Sion Fort --Artist: Wales, James (1747-1795)
This
is plate 10 from James Wales' 'Bombay Views'. The series was painted
for Sir Charles Malet (1752-1815), the British Resident of Poona, who
Wales met in Bombay in 1791.
The view looks down from the Sion
Fort gate to Bombay and the Neat's Tongue, bounded by the Mahratta
Mountains. The Sion Fort was constructed in 1669/77 by the Governor of
Bombay, General Gerald Aungier and it commanded the passage from Bombay
to the neighbouring island of Salsette. The fort was of great importance
to the British because Salsette was under the control of the Marathas.
a two wheeled bullock cart can be seen
But
the Portuguese had stationed boats at Bandra, and all Alishah's vessels
but seven were taken. Of the seventy-three prizes thirty-three were fit
for work and were kept; the rest were burned. Besides the vessels many
prisoners were made, and much artillery and abundance of ammunition were
taken. [Feria in Kerr's
Voyages, VI. 209, 210. This summary of Faria's account of the battle of
Bombay seems to differ in some particulars from the account in De
Barros.' Asia (Decada, IV. Part I. 208-210,Lisbon Ed. of 1777).
According to De Barros the Portuguese caught sight of the Gujarat fleet
off a promontory. As Sylyeira drew near, the Gujrat fleet retired behind
the promontory, and he sent some ships to guard the mouth of the river.
When
Sylveira drew near, the Gujarat ships set sail and ran into the river,
and when they found that the mouth of the river was occupied, they tried
to reach Mahim fort, but, before they reached Mahim, they were
surrounded and captured by the Portuguese boats which had been sent to,
guard the mouth of the creek. This account is not altogether clear.
Apparently what happened was that when the Gujrat boats saw the
Portuguese, they drew back from the Prongs Point into the Bombay
harbour, and when the Portuguese fleet attacked them, they fled up the
harbour to the mouth of the river (that is the Bombay harbour or east
mouth of the Mahim creek) not daring to try their fortune is the open
sea.'
The
Portuguese captain learned from his local pilots that the Gujarat fleet
probably meant to retreat through the Bandra creek, and accordingly
sent boats to guard its mouth. The Gujarat fleet entered the creek by
Sion, and, on nearing Mahim, saw the Portuguese boats blocking the
entrance of the creek.
To
avoid them they made for the Musalman fort of Mahim, at the south end
of the present Bandra causeway, but the Portuguese saw their object and
coming up the creek cut them off,
De
Barros' account has been supposed ('Lateen' in Times of India, 21st
April 1882) to favour the view that the fight was not in the harbour,
but in the open sea off Malabar point. To this view the objection are,
that when the Gujarat fleet retired behind Colaba point on catching
sight of the Portuguese, they must have gone into Back Bay a dangerous
and unlikely movement. That if they came out again to fight, they must
have seen the Portuguese boats being sent on to Bandra, and that when,
in their flight, the Gujarat fleet found the mouth of the Bandra creek
blocked, they could not have attempted to take shelter in Mahim. 
the
attempt to take shelter in Mahim, when the mouth of the creek was found
to be blocked, shows that the Gujarat fleet was leaving not entering
the Bandra or Mahim river.]
HMS
Calcutta was an 84-gun second-rate ship-of-the-line of the Royal Navy,
built in teak to a draught by Sir Robert Seppings and launched on 14
March 1831 in Bombay. She was the only ship ever built to her draught.
She carried her complement of smooth-bore, muzzle-loading guns on two
gundecks. Her complement was 720 men (38 officers, 69 petty officers,
403 seamen, 60 boys and 150 marines).
In
1855 the ship had been in reserve, but was recommissioned for the war
between Russia and Britain and sailed for the Baltic. After two months
she was sent home again, as being useless for modern naval actions.
1526 -Bombay--naval fight between Gujerat sultan's fleet and Portuguese navy from Colaba via Sion to Bandra
On
leaving Chaul for Diu, 'on the day after Shrove Tuesday,' Sampayo came
unexpectedly on the Cambay fleet in Bombay harbour. After a furious
cannonade the Portuguese boarded the enemy and Alishah fled hoping to
escape by the Mahim creek.
 |
View from Sion Fort --Artist: Wales, James (1747-1795) |
 |
| This
is plate 10 from James Wales' 'Bombay Views'. The series was painted
for Sir Charles Malet (1752-1815), the British Resident of Poona, who
Wales met in Bombay in 1791. The view looks down from the Sion Fort gate to Bombay and the Neat's Tongue, bounded by the Mahratta Mountains. The Sion Fort was constructed in 1669/77 by the Governor of Bombay, General Gerald Aungier and it commanded the passage from Bombay to the neighbouring island of Salsette. The fort was of great importance to the British because Salsette was under the control of the Marathas. a two wheeled bullock cart can be seen |
But
the Portuguese had stationed boats at Bandra, and all Alishah's vessels
but seven were taken. Of the seventy-three prizes thirty-three were fit
for work and were kept; the rest were burned. Besides the vessels many
prisoners were made, and much artillery and abundance of ammunition were
taken. [Feria in Kerr's
Voyages, VI. 209, 210. This summary of Faria's account of the battle of
Bombay seems to differ in some particulars from the account in De
Barros.' Asia (Decada, IV. Part I. 208-210,Lisbon Ed. of 1777).
According to De Barros the Portuguese caught sight of the Gujarat fleet
off a promontory. As Sylyeira drew near, the Gujrat fleet retired behind
the promontory, and he sent some ships to guard the mouth of the river.
When
Sylveira drew near, the Gujarat ships set sail and ran into the river,
and when they found that the mouth of the river was occupied, they tried
to reach Mahim fort, but, before they reached Mahim, they were
surrounded and captured by the Portuguese boats which had been sent to,
guard the mouth of the creek. This account is not altogether clear.
Apparently what happened was that when the Gujrat boats saw the
Portuguese, they drew back from the Prongs Point into the Bombay
harbour, and when the Portuguese fleet attacked them, they fled up the
harbour to the mouth of the river (that is the Bombay harbour or east
mouth of the Mahim creek) not daring to try their fortune is the open
sea.'
The
Portuguese captain learned from his local pilots that the Gujarat fleet
probably meant to retreat through the Bandra creek, and accordingly
sent boats to guard its mouth. The Gujarat fleet entered the creek by
Sion, and, on nearing Mahim, saw the Portuguese boats blocking the
entrance of the creek.
To
avoid them they made for the Musalman fort of Mahim, at the south end
of the present Bandra causeway, but the Portuguese saw their object and
coming up the creek cut them off,
the
attempt to take shelter in Mahim, when the mouth of the creek was found
to be blocked, shows that the Gujarat fleet was leaving not entering
the Bandra or Mahim river.]
Glimpses of old Bombay and western India, with other papers (1900)
Schools
.
With regard to schools, in 1818 Mrs. Hunt advertises a boarding-school
for twenty young ladies ; Rs. 25 per mensem, English (grammatically),
writing and arithmetic, plain needlework, embroidery in silk, in
landscape, fruits, and flowers. Lessons in forte-piano. Rs. 20 to
boarders only. Drawing, Rs. 10. Dancing, Rs. 10
.
And in 1821 Mr. Joliffe, from Breach House, calls attention to his
tuition in music and dancing, which he terms " the superficial branches
of education." A young lady's accomplishments in those days are
described by a Bombay poetaster : — " She excels on the harp, works
patterns with skill, Writes a lady-like hand, can waltz and quadrille;
In temper she is amiable, perhaps to a fault, Drinks sparing of wine and
abominates malt."
There
are some bitter wails from the Mofussil, showing that Bombay was not
the dull place we are apt to imagine in 1830:— "Caro amico, dwelling in
Bombay, Resort of all that's beautiful and gay ; Where routs and balls,
with dinners, fetes and tea, Dispel that fiend the ladies -call Ennui;
Where grief, if grief should come, changes her style And turns to joy on
lovely B it's smile : Listen while I, a bahish'd man, deplore My
hopeless fate and rail at Bassadore." For the harder sex there was no
want of the means of education.
Listen
to this in 1821 : — " Boyer and Joliffe beg to state to their friends
and the public that the individual whom they have selected to attend
their establishment, in the capacity of Drawing Master, is Mr.
(C'onstantine Augusto, a person who is well versed in the doctrine of
angles of animo-anatomic proportion, is peculiarly correct in landscape,
chaste colouring, and perspective. Young gentry who are not, therefore,
receiving instruction at the mathematics school and may wish to benefit
by Mr. Augusto's abilities, may be accommodated by sending their
commands to the Masters of that establishment."
1831' Mr. Bennett's Day School, No. 6, Rampart Row: reading, writing
and arithmetic, Rs. 5 per month; English, German and book-keeping, Rs. 7
per month.
In
1837 Mr. Boswell's School is highly commended. We rather think Mr.
Vurjivundas Madhowdas, the head of the Hindoo community (1894), was a
pupil of Mr. Boswell's, as Mr. Manockjee Cursetjee, familiarly called
the " Byron of the East," was of Mr. Bennett
. Education in England you see is not a sine qua non.
Mr.
Telang, late Judge of the High Court, was the flower and fruit of a
later period, that of the Elphinstone College, and had never been in
Europe.
James
Thomason, the founder of Roorki, had to content himself with Calcutta
upbringing until he was 10, like Robert Grant, who became Governor of
Bombay, and spent his early years in the boarding-school of the Rev. Mr.
Brown of the same city.
Portrait of a Brahmin of the Carnatic, Bombay.1900'S
Studio portrait of Sonar group, Bombay.
Bankoty group,[from konkan] Bombay.
Photograph
of sandalwood carvers at work in India, taken by an unknown
photographer in c. 1873, from the Archaeological Survey of Indian
Collections.
Photograph
of blackwood carvers at work in India, taken by an unknown photographer
in c. 1873, from the Archaeological Survey of India Collections. This
image showing two wood carvers at work, surrounded by elaborately carved
furniture in the workshop, was probably shown at the Vienna Exhibition
of 1873. After photography was introduced into India in the 1840s it
rapidly grew in popularity, particularly as a means to record the vast
diversity of people and their dress, manners, trades, customs and
religions. The first official attempt to create a comprehensive record
of Indian types was the 'The People of India'; an ethnographical survey
edited by J.F.Watson and John William Kaye, and published in eight
volumes from 1868 to1875.
Photograph
of turban folders at work in India, taken by Shivashanker Narayen in c.
1873, from the Archaeological Survey of India Collections. This image,
of a group of workers folding turbans on wooden model heads, was
probably shown at the Vienna Universal Exhibition of the same year.
After photography was introduced into India in the 1840s it rapidly grew
in popularity, particularly as a means to record the vast diversity of
people and their dress, manners, trades, customs and religions. The
first official attempt to create a comprehensive record of Indian types
was the 'The People of India'; an ethnographical survey edited by
J.F.Watson and John William Kaye, and published in eight volumes from
1868 to1875.
Photograph
of women gathering cowdung at Ahmadabad in Gujarat, taken by
Shivashanker Narayen in c. 1870, from the Archaeological Survey of
India. Narayen contributed to the book 'The People of India', published
by the India Museum in 1868-75. After photography was introduced into
India in the 1840s it rapidly grew in popularity, particularly as a
means to record the vast diversity of people and their dress, manners,
trades, customs and religions. Cow dung is collected and made into flat
round 'patties' which are dried on walls and roofs and then sold as fuel
and used extensively on cooking fires and for heating. It has many
other uses, including fertiliser and as a flooring material when mixed
with mud and water.
Photograph
of a gold puggree border weaver at work in India, taken by Shivashankar
Narayan in c. 1873, from the Archaeological Survey of India
Collections. This image shows a craftsman weaving the border of a
puggree, an expensive turban, made of gold thread; thread which has been
mixed with gold wire made from gold leaf melted onto silver bars and
forced through small holes in a steel plate to form very fine gauge
wires. Metal threads from India were considered less likely to tarnish
than products from other sources. The pulleys of the narrow loom
pictured are affixed to the wall opposite the weaver and also to the
ceiling of the small workshop and there appear to be regimental badges
attached to the wall. After photography was introduced into India in the
1840s it rapidly grew in popularity, particularly as a means to record
the vast diversity of people and their dress, manners, trades, customs
and religions.
Brahmin group, Bombay.--Photographer: Chintamon, Hurrichund Medium: Photographic print Date: 1860
Studio
portrait of six Brahmins, or priests, in Mumbai, taken by Hurrichund
Chintamon in the 1860s. This photograph is from the Archaeological
Survey of India Collections; one of a series of ethnographical
photographs commissioned by the Government of India in the late 19th
century to gather information about the people and monuments of India.
Material was submitted by both professional and amateur photographers.
Ethnographical prints were also produced by large photographic firms and
temporary studios in India to meet European demands for souvenirs from
the East and in response the rising interest in ethnography. Brahmins
are the highest of the four Hindu castes.
This
lithograph was taken from plate 4 of Emily Eden's 'Portraits of the
Princes and People of India'. Eden wrote: "The figures in the print are
Jemadars of Chuprassies or head men of the servants, whom it is usual to
employ in India, for the purposes of taking orders, carrying letters
&c. They are generally dressed in a kind of livery suited to the
native costume." A keen amateur artist, Eden painted the diverse people
she met in India. She also detailed her observations and opinions on
what she saw in letters to her sister, which were published in 1866 in
two volumes, entitled 'Up the Country'.
Cotton stacks and 'churka' or cotton gin in operation, Berar--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1866
Photograph
of cotton stacks and a 'charka' or cotton gin in operation at Berar in
India, taken by an unknown photographer in 1866, from the Archaeological
Survey of Indian Collections. After photography was introduced into
India in the 1840s it rapidly grew in popularity, particularly as a
means to record the vast diversity of people and their dress, manners,
trades, customs and religions. The first official attempt to create a
comprehensive record of Indian types was the 'The People of India'; an
ethnographical survey edited by John Forbes Watson and John William
Kaye, and published in eight volumes from 1868 to1875. This photograph
shows a group of workers posed among piles of cotton. In the
middleground two women operate a small charka or gin, while in the
foreground a man is posed with a spinning wheel. In the exhibition
catalogue of the Vienna exhibition of 1873 Watson describes of one of
these machines, "[the charka] consists of two rollers, either one of
iron and one of wood, or both of wood, revolving in opposite directions.
The fibre is drawn through between the rollers, the seed, which is too
bulky to pass through, falling on the other side. The machine is very
simple, and seldom gets out of order, and the principle on which it
works is the foundation of most of the cotton gins made from time to
time in Europe...The native gins do their work fairly enough, but much
seed is sometimes found in the cotton thus cleaned".
Dyers at work, Western India--Photographer: Narayen, Shivashanker Medium: Photographic print Date: 1873
Photograph
of dyers at work in Western India, taken by Shivashanker Narayen in c.
1873, from the Archaeological Survey of India Collections. After
photography was introduced into India in the 1840s it rapidly grew in
popularity, particularly as a means to record the vast diversity of
people and their dress, manners, trades, customs and religions. The
first official attempt to create a comprehensive record of Indian types
was the 'The People of India'; an ethnographical survey edited by John
Forbes Watson and John William Kaye, and published in eight volumes from
1868 to1875. This image of a group of dyers posed beside vats is
probably the photograph shown at the Vienna Exhibition of 1873, and
described by Watson in the catalogue as follows: "The vats are of clay,
and built in as shown in the picture. The furnace goes right under the
vat, the fuel used being the integument of the coca-nut."
Unknown photographer,-- Bhali Sooltans--, Oude, ca. 1862
Country shoe makers, probably in Western India--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1873
William Johnson,
Ghur-Baree (Householding)
Gosaees, Bombay, 1850suun
unknown photographer in c. 1873, from the Archaeological Survey of
India Collections. This image of a group of shoemakers seated at work on
the verandah of a workshop was shown at the Vienna Universal Exhibition
of 1873. After photography was introduced into India in the 1840s it
rapidly grew in popularity, particularly as a means to record the vast
diversity of people and their dress, manners, trades, customs and
religions. The first official attempt to create a comprehensive record
of Indian types was the 'The People of India'; an ethnographical survey
edited by John Forbes Watson and John William Kaye, and published in
eight volumes from 1868 to187
Ghur-Baree (Householding)
Gosaees, Bombay, 1850suun
unknown photographer in c. 1873, from the Archaeological Survey of
India Collections. This image of a group of shoemakers seated at work on
the verandah of a workshop was shown at the Vienna Universal Exhibition
of 1873. After photography was introduced into India in the 1840s it
rapidly grew in popularity, particularly as a means to record the vast
diversity of people and their dress, manners, trades, customs and
religions. The first official attempt to create a comprehensive record
of Indian types was the 'The People of India'; an ethnographical survey
edited by John Forbes Watson and John William Kaye, and published in
eight volumes from 1868 to187Cloth stamper, Western India--Photographer: Narayen, Shivashanker Medium: Photographic print Date: 1873
-Photograph
of a cloth stamper seated at a low table on the verandah of a house in
Western India, taken by Shivashanker Narayen in c. 1873, from the
Archaeological Survey of India Collections. The craft of block printing
cotton fabrics is particularly associated with Gujarat. The motifs
include flowers, animals, people and abstract designs. The wooden
blocks, carved with the design to be printed, have a handle on the back.
They are made from woods that are light in weight, gurjun
(Dipterocarpus Turbinatus-Gaert) or seasoned teak (Tectona
Grandis-Linn); the former wears better when used as a block. Fabrics are
still printed this way in India to this day. This image is probably the
photograph shown at the Vienna Exhibition of the same year, and
described by Watson in catalogue as follows: 'Printing...This is done by
wooden stamps, which are charged with the colouring matter, and applied
one after the other as the design may require.'
Worker preparing thread for sari weaving--Photographer: Shivashanker Narayen Medium: Photographic print Date: 1870
In
the early 1860s the Governor General of India Lord Canning commissioned
ethnographical photographs for the whole of India. This image showing a
worker crouching beside a spinning wheel [charkha] and paying off
thread to a reel at the right, is probably one of the series of views of
cotton manufacture shown by Narayan at the Vienna Exhibition of 1873.
Studio portrait of three Shenoy Bhatias, Bombay.
Full-length
portrait of three seated Shenoy Bhatias in Mumbai, posed against a
painted backdrop, taken by Hurrichund Chintamon c. 1867. This photograph
is part of the Archaeological Survey of India Collections and was on
show in the Paris exhibition of 1867. After photography was introduced
into India in the 1840s it rapidly grew in popularity, particularly as a
means to record the vast diversity of people and their dress, manners,
trades, customs and religions. Ethnographical prints were produced by
large photographic firms operating in India as well as by smaller or
temporary studios to meet European demands for souvenirs from the East.
Chintamon had the oldest firm in Bombay.
Photograph of a goldsmith at work in Delhi in India, taken by Shepherd and Robertson in c.1863. This image of the goldsmith blowing on his furnace through a tube is used as illustration no.186 in volume IV of 'The People of India' (1869). The text states, "The Sonar or gold and silversmith is an indispensible member of the Indian social condition of life; and he is to be found in every village, almost in every hamlet, as well as in all towns and cities. In the Deccan, where original national institutions are preserved in village communes, and wherever they are at present existant throughout India - the Sonar is a member of the hereditary village council, which includes the carpenter and blacksmith, the potter, and other useful and indispensible mechanics, and is twelve in number, presided over by the patell, the hereditary magistrate or head manager
A
studio portrait of a Kathiawar Rajput gentleman posed with a hookah,
from the Archaeological Survey of India Collections. This was taken by
Hurrichund Chintamon and shown in the Paris Exhibition of 1867. In the
19th century photographers found that the sub-continent offered
limitless opportunities to record a vast diversity of peoples and their
dress, manners, trades, customs and religions. Ethnographical prints
were produced by large firms operating in India as well as by smaller or
temporary studios to meet European demands for souvenirs from the East.
Figures were often posed to display their characteristic attributes and
artefacts. The Indian photographer Hurrichund Chintamon began one of
the oldest photographic firms in Bombay (1858-81). He made a notable
contribution to the book, 'The People of India'. Indian Museum, London,
1868-75.
Shrofs. Money changer--Photographer: Shepherd and Robertson Medium: Photographic print Date: 1863
Studio
portrait of shroffs or money changers at Delhi in India, taken by
Shepherd and Robertson in c.1863. This image of two men, seated with
account books and piles of coins, is reproduced as illustration number
185 in Volume IV of John Forbes Watson's 'The People of India' (1869).
The accompanying text states, "Shroffs are not always Bunneas (small
traders), although the person illustrated may have been one. They are
not unfrequently Brahmins, who have adopted a secular calling, and deal
in money - Khutris, and other castes, Vaisya and Sudra. Their trade is
the exchange of money, the giving change for rupees in pyce or copper
coin, and for pyce in cowries. In the higher branches of his calling,
the Shroff discounts hoodees, or bills of exchange, bonds, and
promissory notes. He deals also in bullion, in small or large
quantities, buys and sells ornaments, old and new pearls, and precious
stones of all kinds. Finally, he lends money, generally on pledges of
gold and silver ornaments, in small proportion to their value, but at
moderate interest."
Photograph
of an embroiderer in Delhi taken by Shepherd and Robertson in c.1863.
This image of a man seated cross-legged at his embroidery frame is
reproduced as illustration no.188 in volume IV of John Forbes Watson's
'The People of India' (1869), where it is captioned 'Scarfmaker'. The
accompanying text states, "Delhi scarves are famous, and there are few
to whom they are not known. They are of cashmere cloth, or of net,
embroidered with silks of various colours, and in all imaginable
designs...The outline is traced carefully on the material to be
embroidered, which is stretched upon a frame supported by trestles, as
seen in the photograph. The worker is seated on the ground beside it,
and fills in the pattern with floss silk by means of wooden needles,
like those used in the embroidery of cashmere shawls.
Tailors at work
Studio
portrait of tailors at work taken by Nicholas and Curths in c. 1870,
from the Archaeological Survey of India Collections. This image is from a
series by Nicholas & Curths, shown at the Vienna Universal
Exhibition of 1873. After photography was introduced into India in the
1840s it rapidly grew in popularity, particularly as a means to record
the vast diversity of people and their dress, manners, trades, customs
and religions.
Rungrazes. (Dyers)--Photographer: Shepherd and Robertson Medium: Photographic print Date: 1863
Photograph
of a group of Rangrez or dyer caste members at work in India, taken by
Shepherd and Robertson in c.1863. This photograph is reproduced as
illustration no.183 in volume IV of John Forbes Watson's The People of
India (1869). The accompanying text states, "A few large pans for mixing
the dyes, trestles for supporting the straining cloth, and a press are
all that are used in the simple operations of the craft...The craft is
hereditary; and and the secrets of mixing colours, methods of extracting
the dyes, of the use of mordants, and of producing every variety of
tint that may be necessary, descend from father to son, and have perhaps
been little changed in the course of ages...the colours produced by the
Indian dyer are for the most part very pure and beautiful. They are of
two kinds: one permanent, and used in fabrics which have to bear
constant washing; the other fleeting, and intended for temporary use
only. In the former catalogue are the yarns for weaving both silk and
cotton cloths; in the latter, white cloths, such as muslin, turbans,
scarves and the like, are dyed in the piece, to suit the taste of their
possessors. Turbans and scarves, for instance, are dyed of the brightest
and most delicate tints of scarlet, pink, rose colour, crimson, purple,
yellow, orange, and green, by mixtures made from safflower, turmeric,
madder, and indigo, &c...the permanence of the Indian dyes in all
shades of madder and cochineal, combined with indigo and other colours,
has always been remarkable. The garments woven from such dyed yarns are
chiefly those worn by women, and have to undergo not only daily washing,
but exposure to the sun in drying; yet the colour not only never fails,
but seems to grow brighter and clearer from constant exposure."
Golas. Salt makers--Photographer: Shepherd and Robertson Medium: Photographic print Date: 1863
Photograph
of Golas, salt makers, in Rajasthan in India, taken by Shepherd and
Robertson in c.1863. This image shows a group of four men, three seated,
one standing, gathered round a basket of salt. John Forbes Watson wrote
in 'The People of India', 1869-72, Volume IV, in which this photograph
was reproduced, "The Golahs are a low class caste or tribe of Hindoos,
but by no means one of the outcast tribes...the Golahs are professional
salt makers, while they are also general cultivators; for it is only in
the hottest weather that they can carry out their work as salt
makers...In domestic customs and religion, the Golahs do not differ from
the Jats or Goojurs in any remarkable degree...Their women are not
secluded, and assist their families both in field labour and salt
making. Baskets of salt are shown in the photograph, as also the strong
hoe with which the salt earth is dug out....The Golahs are considered a
gentle, honest class, and no habitual crime is attributed to them. As a
rule they are very industrious, and are not migratory or unsettled..."
Moulvies [Muslim lawyers, Delhi]--Photographer: Shepherd and Robertson Medium: Photographic print Date: 1863
![Moulvies [Muslim lawyers, Delhi]](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEg75jWH8h6OnLv10TLZK0Et2UfWKuwNt04zR5jMqQJ8cY0Up3QauFNb9GDfGruUMDj20iHmhMsd4BOLodVD5JevGyYk5M4plxgnn40zCqkE_cmRryw1-PkS8A5btFYDrKj8z7Yka4KqPyBhflcTx3svAVMMftSv3IbbNmQpTX-SXwN_A9LOOYo=s0-d)
Photograph
of 'moulvies', Muslim lawyers, at Delhi in India, taken by Shepherd and
Robertson in c.1863. This image of three seated men in discussion,
surrounded by books, is reproduced as illustration no.198 in volume IV
of John Forbes Watson's 'The People of India' (1869). The accompanying
text states, "The photograph represents three doctors of Mahomedan law,
or Moulvees, in discussion, perhaps on some knotty point in the text, on
which the figure on the left has placed his hand, while the other two
are listening to what he has to say. They form a very characteristic
group of a class of learned men, who are perhaps decreasing under lack
of patronage and exercise for their talents and knowledge...however,
Mahomedan law still occupies a prominent place, and all property
belonging to Mahomedans is inherited, divided, or litigated, under that
law. Thus marriage settlements are drawn up by Moulvees, and the
separate shares of widows, sons, and daughters, of all families of
Mahomedans are defined by them. Wills are written by them, and
conveyances and deeds in special cases; in short the civil law business
of the Mahomedan people of India is in their hands. English judges are
supposed to be conversant with Mahomedan law; but there are many points
in which the general direction of a competant law officer is needful,
and a Moulvee who has passed a prescribed examination is attached to
every civil court."
Studio portrait of three Camatti women of the mason caste.--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1860
A
Studio portrait of three Camatti women of the mason caste, taken by an
unknown photographer in the 1860s. This is one of a series of
photographs from the Archaeological Survey of India Collections
commissioned by the Government of India in the 19th century in order to
gather information about the different racial groups on the
sub-continent. After photography was introduced into India in the 1840s
it rapidly grew in popularity, particularly as a means to record the
vast diversity of people and their dress, manners, trades, customs and
religions. Ethnographical prints were produced by large photographic
firms operating in India as well as by smaller or temporary studios to
meet European demands for souvenirs from the East.
Dubgur caste making pots---Photographer: Narayen, Shivashanker Medium: Photographic print Date: 1870
Photograph
of a group of men from the Dubgur caste making pots, at Surat in
Gujarat, taken by Shivashanker Narayen in c. 1870, from the
Archaeological Survey of India. Unglazed terracotta or earthenware pots
would be used for storage of grain, spices or pickles. Vessels are also
made for transporting and storing water. After photography was
introduced into India in the 1840s it rapidly grew in popularity,
particularly as a means to record the vast diversity of people and their
dress, manners, trades, customs and religions. The first official
attempt to create a comprehensive record of Indian types was the 'The
People of India'; an ethnographical survey edited by John Forbes Watson
and John William Kaye, and published in eight volumes from 1868 to1875.
Photograph of two zardozis (gold lace makers) at Delhi in India, taken by Shepherd & Robertson in c. 1863,
This
image is reproduced in 'The People of India', vol IV, (no. 187). The
accompanying text states "The photograph shows a man at work, with his
assistant, who may be required occasionally, but who for the present is
looking on. The workman is seated on a rude stool, which has a rest for
his right hand. The treadles of his simple loom, worked by his feet, are
seen below, and the cross pieces above are the heddles and strings
which hold his materials for the pattern he is working, and which is
effected by skilful manipulation...Thus are woven some of the most
wonderful and beautiful fabrics in the world. Tissues of gold and
silver, plain and figured, with and without a mixture of silk or cotton
in flowers and patterns; gold and silver tissue lace of all breadths and
patterns, used for trimming scarves, and for bridal dresses; larger
scarves of muslin and tissue combined, as those of Benares; and that
wonderful cloth of gold called kumkhab or kincob, which is without
parallel in the ornamental manufactures of the world. All these are
comparatively little known as yet in Europe; but in the various
International Exhibitions in England and France, specimens have been
exhibited, which have excited alike wonder and admiration." It was held
that metal threads from India were less likely to tarnish than similar
products from other sources.
Photograph of a gold puggree border weaver at work in India, taken by Shivashankar Narayan in c. 1873
This
image shows a craftsman weaving the border of a puggree, an expensive
turban, made of gold thread; thread which has been mixed with gold wire
made from gold leaf melted onto silver bars and forced through small
holes in a steel plate to form very fine gauge wires. Metal threads from
India were considered less likely to tarnish than products from other
sources. The pulleys of the narrow loom pictured are affixed to the wall
opposite the weaver and also to the ceiling of the small workshop and
there appear to be regimental badges attached to the wall. After
photography was introduced into India in the 1840s it rapidly grew in
popularity, particularly as a means to record the vast diversity of
people and their dress, manners, trades, customs and religions.
Women preparing cowdung cakes for fuel, Ahmadabad--Photographer: Narayen, Shivashanker Medium: Photographic print Date: 1870
Photograph
of two women fashioning cow dung into flat cakes at Ahmadabad in
Gujarat, taken by Shivashanker Narayen in c. 1870, from the
Archaeological Survey of India. Narayen contributed to the book 'The
People of India', published by the India Museum in 1868-75. After
photography was introduced into India in the 1840s it rapidly grew in
popularity, particularly as a means to record the vast diversity of
people and their dress, manners, trades, customs and religions. Cow dung
is collected and made into flat round 'patties' which are dried on
walls and roofs and then sold as fuel and used extensively on cooking
fires and for heating. It has many other uses, including fertiliser and
as a flooring material when mixed with mud and water
William Johnson, Ghur-Baree (Householding) Gosaees, Bombay, 1850s
Dyers at work, Western India--Photographer: Narayen, Shivashanker Medium: Photographic print Date: 1873
photograph of copper and iron mining scenes at Alwar in Rajasthan, taken by Thomas Cadell in c. 1873,
This
image, possibly of the entrance to the Dareeba copper mine, is one of a
series of photographs shown at the Vienna Exhibition of the same year
and mentioned in the exhibition catalogue by John Forbes Watson. After
photography was introduced into India in the 1840s it rapidly grew in
popularity, particularly as a means to record the vast diversity of
people and their dress, manners, trades, customs and religions. The
first official attempt to create a comprehensive record of Indian types
was the 'The People of India'; an ethnographical survey edited by
J.F.Watson and John William Kaye, and published in eight volumes from
1868 to1875.
A student of the Hindu College.Artist: Eden, Emily Medium: Lithograph Date: 1844
This
lithograph is taken from plate 18 of Emily Eden's 'Portraits of the
Princes and People of India'. Eden described the image on the left as
one of "a favourite and successful young student at the Hindoo College,
in Calcutta, where scholars acquire a very perfect knowledge of English,
and have a familiarity with the best English writers which might shame
many of our own schools. The Hindoo youths have an extraordinary aptness
and precocity as scholars, and their exhibitions are very interesting
and gratifying. This young student, who was the son of a native
gentleman of rank in Calcutta, recited English poetry with particular
grace and propriety
 |
| HORSE SHOE MAKER |
Ice cream was invented in China around 2000BC
when the Chinese packed a soft milk and rice mixture
in the snow.
In the Persian Empire,
people would pour grape juice concentrate over snow - in a bowl - and
eat this as a treat. In particular this was consumed when the weather
was hot. Either snow would be saved in the cool-keeping underground
chambers known as "yakhchal" or taken from fresh snow that may still
have remained at the top of the mountains
Persian faloodeh.
In
400 BC, the Persians went further and invented a special chilled food,
made of rose water and vermicelli which was served to royalty during
summers. The ice was mixed with saffron, fruits, and various other flavours.
The Roman Emperor Nero (37–68) had ice brought from the mountains and combined with fruit toppings. These were some early chilled delicacies
..Arabs were the first to use milk as a major ingredient in its production. As early as the 10th century, ice cream was widespread amongst many of the Arab world's major cities
Mughal emperors used relays of horsemen to bring ice from the Hindu Kush toDelhi, where it was used in fruit sorbets
Ice cream was introduced to the United States by Quaker colonists who brought their ice cream recipes with them
In 1843, Nancy Johnson of Philadelphia was issued the first U.S. patent for a small-scale handcranked ice cream freezer
vintage Bombay icecream outlets:-
Parsi Dairy[Parsi Dairy Farm’s creamy kulfi]The
Mumbai institution has been serving out slices of the mouth-watering
milk preparation since 1928 and its list of clients includes the Indian
Railways and the Taj Group of Hotels
Parsi Dairy Farm
261-62, Shamaldas Gandhi Marg (Princess Street) (022-2201-3633).
Malai and fresh fruit kulfis, Rs 24 per slice; Masala kulfi Rs 25 per slice.
261-62, Shamaldas Gandhi Marg (Princess Street) (022-2201-3633).
Malai and fresh fruit kulfis, Rs 24 per slice; Masala kulfi Rs 25 per slice.
K Rustom’s
For
over five decades, this Parsi-owned Churchgate institution has been
serving delicious, moderately priced ice cream. Where else do you get a
scoop of pineapple ice cream in a cone for Rs 15? The low prices are a
commitment to the vision of the man who started the establishment. He is
said to have been a socialist who believed in ice cream for the masses.Rustom’s
rundown looks haven’t deterred its legions of fans, who throng the
place every evening to wolf down its range of fruit squashes, ice creams
sandwiched between wafer biscuits, and the large selection of ice
creams, including the seasonal favourite, fresh mango
K Rustom’s Veer Nariman Road, near Brabourne Stadium, Churchgate (022-2282-1768).
dinshaws
Dairy Foods Limited.
With Dinshaw's, a brand and dinshaw ice cream founded by Dinshaw Rana in the 1920s;in Bombay
ICE CREAM COMPANIES WHICH STARTED AFTER 1950:-
Kwality,
the original Indian company, was founded in 1956, and was the first in
the region to import machinery for the mass production and sale of ice
cream on a commercial scale.
 |
SONIA GANDHI EATING KWALITY ICE 'D'REAM |
In 1995, in view of the growth potential of the frozen confections market, Kwality entered into an agreement with Lever
{Ranchod,
who ran a one-man show, and, with a hand-cranked machine, started a
small retail outlet in 1926. What was started in 1907 by Vadilal Gandhi
has now turned out to be third-largest ice-cream brand in India,}
Brand
Vadilal firmly established itself in the early 1960s. With the entry of
Vadilal’s grandsons, the Gandhi family decided to ramp up operations
and incorporated the company in 1961. Before introducing automatic
machines around 1960,
Gandhi family used to manufacture ice cream in wooden drums called Kothis--. [hand-cranked ice cream,]
The first emu cars for the erstwhile BB & CI Railway (now WR) being unloaded from a ship around 1925.
THE FIRST ELECTRIC RAILWAY ENGINE GETTING OFF LOADED FROM SHIP 1925
VIEW OF METRO TRAIN 2010
Picture at left shows H.E. the Governor making a speech on the occasion, while the pic on the right shows the inaugural train at Bombay VT
Bombay Cavalry AT ANGLO PERSIAN WAR 1856-1857 AT KOOSHAB
Bombay Cavalry AT ANGLO PERSIAN WAR 1856-1857 AT KOOSHAB
THE PERSIAN WAR .THE CHARGE OF THE BOMBAY CAVALRY AT THE BATTLE OF KOOSHAB
ORIGINS
In
the context of the Great Game — the Anglo-Russian contest for influence
in Central Asia — the British wished for Afghanistan to remain an
independent country friendly to Britain as a buffer against Russian
expansion towards India. They opposed an extension of Persian influence
in Afghanistan because of the perception that Persia was unduly
influenced by the Russians. The Persians had repeatedly attempted to
acquire Herat by force, most recently in 1838 and 1852; both times
British opposition had convinced them to back down prior to war. They
made a fresh attempt in 1856, and succeeded in taking the city on 25
October, with Russian encouragement and in violation of the existing
Anglo-Persian treaty. In response, the British Governor-General in
India, acting on orders from London, declared war on 1 November.
British-Indian forces attacking at the Battle of Kooshab
PERSIAN ARMY WAS DEFEATED
LIFE ON THE SHIP 1875
![[Indian theatrical group, Bombay.]](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEg8jkqWnwdaMma7n9la5hEoux1U5F4FmcnpBMcKcviVsoybQcamU31hVlMaLhZHHdaf6P5e0T-aGmJGg1AZ1AYMCfSpecuHoc9Nf7cuw0FHyzY6hzd7lU4ueEFh3-8-14CiLjqEXXNiMvQsF78DlAQGpxHtvsp-FGNPjqtNI81Fz9UsIQ=s0-d)
Great Tree, Waee [Wai] near Mahableshwar, Bombay. Covers 5 acres of ground.
Water-colour painting of the mountains seen from Mahableshwar by John Frederick Lester (1825-1915) dated 8th November 1871. This image is from an allum of watercolours made between 1865 and 1877 in Kathiawar, Bombay, Poona, Mahabaleshwar and Savantvadi State.
Mahabaleshwar is a popular hill station situated at a height of 1372 metres in the Western Ghats in Maharashtra, western India. It is one of the wettest places in the mountains as it receives heavy rainfall in the monsoon season. This area was made an official British sanatorium in 1828 and became a popular retreat for Europeans escaping the heat of Bombay (Mumbai) and Poona (Pune). Mahabaleshwar's famous ‘points’ offer breathtaking views of mountains covered with evergreen forests and fertile valleys.
A photograph of a view of Matheran, near Bombay from the 'Vibart Collection of Views in South India' taken by an unknown photographer about 1855.The area around Matheran, a hill station is characterised by the Points, a series of rocky promontories overlooking the valleys below. In the 19th Century the British established a hill station here as a cool retreat from the heat of Bombay in the spring and autumn months.
![Native boats at Tannah [Thane].](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEijPDc5kuNEkDi5wlHD_p8rtETaoGrpAWSm_uCkyMeg9LeEhwlrEVfS5CgVl4EhLWkLo_019H8gZGns-eNLqJo5KrTCtnmohkc5zcCsL56Xm3ykiX-JoFnv1uzFXZxiIxONYqomAcMK_IdasBQCxN8GCPROXFG9xa5_DYo76eX4ShFi3g=s0-d)
A photograph of a view of the sail crafts, near Bombay from the 'Vibart Collection of Views in South India' taken by an unknown photographer about 1855. Local sailing craft moored at Thane, north-east of Bombay. This print is reproduced in The Indian amateurs photographic album (issue not noted), and there credited to William Johnson.
![Stereo and type casting room ['Times of India'], - November 1898.](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEj78PobHo-3zHDYrig1d0Z1w_g4FCxjuQngRnJnufBbcoGi_jtP5jLrLM5dqQkCx6UPIsPsOxOYf9WbeWbdYbj-EShYl4fk2Az7tUvF4GEA6w7CfsdEWs3jczNXK9iHWK9121pY6m7H9MMYbbYvVX9-CQ22rtMDcqtZp5irmvSXtYGkRQ=s0-d)
Print by E.O.S. and Company showing a line of type casting machines at the Times of India offices at Mumbai taken on the occasion of the newspaper's Diamond Jubilee (60 years), November 1898. The newspaper was established in the 1830s following Lord Metcalfe's Act of 1835 which removed restrictions on the liberty of the Indian press. On the 3rd November 1838 the 'Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce' was launched in bi-weekly editions, on Saturdays and Wednesdays. It contained news of Europe, America and the sub-continent and was conveyed between India and Europe via regular steam ships. From 1850 the paper appeared in daily editions and in 1861 the 'Bombay Times' became the 'Times of India'. By the end of the 19th century the paper employed 800 people and had a wide circulation in India and Europe. The company was owned by Kane, Bennett & Co. at this period and now it is called Bennett & Cole.
![Machine room No. 1 ['Times of India'], - November 1898.](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEiMR2nICEF9AiXOAlMh5hI4tV5kOQAvxmjvdFt5rRBRTrc6-HyBC4VcJdWS_kVvhFAey8UH8KiQBHu6ZsAvH_uFz9T4sZ9gW_bkxtGkHx19MpxsXyspy2wgpBEGlJqrZTxv0mHt9upHuclBHuwUq4PDpboV3vE8AABMIFSB-QqU8OnM6g=s0-d)
Print by E.O.S. and Company showing employees operating printing presses at the Times of India offices at Mumbai taken on the occasion of the newspaper's Diamond Jubilee (60 years), November 1898. The newspaper was established in the 1830s following Lord Metcalfe's Act of 1835 which removed restrictions on the liberty of the Indian press. On the 3rd November 1838 the 'Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce' was launched in bi-weekly editions, on Saturdays and Wednesdays. It contained news of Europe, America and the sub-continent and was conveyed between India and Europe via regular steam ships. From 1850 the paper appeared in daily editions and in 1861 the 'Bombay Times' became the 'Times of India'. By the end of the 19th century the paper employed 800 people and had a wide circulation in India and Europe.
![General Manager's room ['Times of India'], - November 1898.](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEhDzxIw9ELpv3POHMauJOcPCzdj78ggeIB6ZSMozwUEGZlc_rNM6fSQ2vFR-l61xt-V909GPSrObAxM8krnQKasOJlZjaaKuNoVVcyuUOCAhj5tOTnELBMajTgS1fG8zGv3xhmAZ57ypLid1XMrPDszMpgGhuKCjUU_gX5iFidWmynVyw=s0-d)
{HAND PULLED PUNKAH [FAN]; USED BEFORE ELECTRIC FAN WAS MADE SEEN ;ALSO KEROSENE LIGHTS HANGING DOWN;AND TYPICAL FURNITURE OF 1898}
rint by E.O.S. and Company showing the general manager's room at the Times of India newspaper at Mumbai taken on the occasion of the newspaper's Diamond Jubilee (60 years), November 1898. The newspaper was established in the 1830s following Lord Metcalfe's Act of 1835 which removed restrictions on the liberty of the Indian press. On the 3rd November 1838 the 'Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce' was launched in bi-weekly editions, on Saturdays and Wednesdays. It contained news of Europe, America and the sub-continent and was conveyed between India and Europe via regular steam ships. From 1850 the paper appeared in daily editions and in 1861 the 'Bombay Times' became the 'Times of India'. By the end of the 19th century the paper employed 800 people and had a wide circulation in India and Europe. The company was owned by Kane, Bennett & Co. at this period.
OTHER MODELS OF HAND PULLED PUNAHS:-
![[British+Raj+(1904+-+1906)+(10).jpg]](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii03KxIcVwdmcdtjAqMOXg1mxDCqifErJ15EJUavdFeu1u4lV3aVEnDrnLgsihFZBd2Hn6BgAKWemmZSkWL4Y8RD5clshEGTsBetSDLRX5jurJcFUwTC_bVrcBdAUMtXwmCD6kHtA4K0g/s640/British+Raj+(1904+-+1906)+(10).jpg)
bottles of Bee-yotch on ice!
COLONIAL ERA-BRITISH INDIA
![[India+1910_15.jpg]](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn0t41HHW6oPBUQAjEYSnxdDmdW1ZMVMFSYnaGKe_a-FErk-D5wzK2BLjNBxS71_Tcuza49tZUuB3w6IdwAXYVykAQairxEft_sbaNGPjeY-G7pAx7wJCspjuioeZ_QxJeyNlnHgEJeys/s1600/India+1910_15.jpg)
Koosh-Ab
After
the arrival of the C-in-C, the force advanced inland and defeated the
Persian field army at Koosh-Ab on 8 February 1857. The Poona Horse
carries a Standard surmounted by a silver hand and bearing a Persian
inscription captured at Koosh-Ab, in commemoration of the brilliant
charge of the 3rd Bombay Light Cavalry which broke into enemy infantry
and decided the fate of the day. The honour was awarded vide GOGG 1306
of 1858 and spelling changed from Kooshab vide Gazette of India No 1079
of 1910.
5th Bombay Cavalry (Sind Horse). ~1895
A havildar of Bombay Presidency Army Artillery, 1882
British-Indian forces attacking at the Battle of Kooshab
PERSIAN ARMY WAS DEFEATED
 |
Note Colaba Railway Station on the left. And CUFFE PARADE is yet to be RECLAIMED. |
 |
| CEREMONY PERFORMED BY NATIVE GIRLS FOR THE BRITISH PRINCE -BOMBAY 1875 |
SHIP FOR THE ROYAL VISIT AT BOMBAY 1875
LIFE ON THE SHIP 1875
Arrival Of Indian & Australian Mails At Alexandria EgypT on the way to Bombay 1853
1877 Rajah Ram High-School Kolapore India -Bombay presidency
Sassoon Hospital Bombay India 1868 AT" POONAH"
Road Steamer Omnibus India 1871 BOMBAY
PRINCE OF WALES IN INDIA 1876-
 |
| Prince'S 'Levee' AT BOMBAY 1876{ the simple act of getting up in the morning WHICH was raised to a ceremonial custom at the court} AND India'S Maharana Oudeypore 1870 |
 |
| NOW-QUEEN OF BRITAIN ABOUT TO BOARD AN ORDINARY TRAIn |
water Bullock, Bombay[Clifton & Co., Bombay, ~ 1905 ] WATER BULLOCKS WERE USED FOR CARRYING DRINKING WATER TO PEOPLE OF BOMBAY IN
The water-carrier:-
if provided with a bullock for the purpose of conveying two large leather bags, each containing about twenty gallons, is called a Puckaully; but if he carries the water himself, in the skin of a goat, prepared for that purpose, he then receives the designation of Bheesty. The bags for a puckaully are made of strong hide, sewed very firmly at the front, which is at right angles with the bottom, where the leather doubles, and, consequently, has no seam ; the back part is diagonal, forming a kind of spout behind, opposite the bullock's knee ; while the top is left open, rather in a funnel form, for about a foot, that the water may be poured in: the spout is first rolled up, and then tied with a strong strip of leather.
Every puckaully carries also a small bag, that he may serve as an ordinary hand-bheesty, when required. This is made of the skin of a goat, taken off in a particular manner. Being put into a solution of lime, the hair soon quits; when the inside fleshings are carefully scraped off. A tan is then made of the bark of baubool, (mimosa,) kltui, (catechu,) and alum.
The puckaullies, or, as they are usually called, the bullock- bheesties, replenish their bags by driving their cattle into some tank, or pond, up to their knees, or even deeper, then baling in the water, by means of a small leather bucket, holding about two quarts, or more. The hand-bheesty usually sinks his bag under water, when it soon fills. When drawing water from the wells, the leather bucket, called a dole, is used by both the puckaully and the hand-bheesty.
The constant application of a wet skin to the clothes on the hip, necessarily disposes them to rot: on this account, most bheesties use a piece of cloth, called karwah, which having been dyed in grain with a composition, consisting chiefly of the solution of shell-lac, effectually resists the moisture.
if provided with a bullock for the purpose of conveying two large leather bags, each containing about twenty gallons, is called a Puckaully; but if he carries the water himself, in the skin of a goat, prepared for that purpose, he then receives the designation of Bheesty. The bags for a puckaully are made of strong hide, sewed very firmly at the front, which is at right angles with the bottom, where the leather doubles, and, consequently, has no seam ; the back part is diagonal, forming a kind of spout behind, opposite the bullock's knee ; while the top is left open, rather in a funnel form, for about a foot, that the water may be poured in: the spout is first rolled up, and then tied with a strong strip of leather.
Every puckaully carries also a small bag, that he may serve as an ordinary hand-bheesty, when required. This is made of the skin of a goat, taken off in a particular manner. Being put into a solution of lime, the hair soon quits; when the inside fleshings are carefully scraped off. A tan is then made of the bark of baubool, (mimosa,) kltui, (catechu,) and alum.
The puckaullies, or, as they are usually called, the bullock- bheesties, replenish their bags by driving their cattle into some tank, or pond, up to their knees, or even deeper, then baling in the water, by means of a small leather bucket, holding about two quarts, or more. The hand-bheesty usually sinks his bag under water, when it soon fills. When drawing water from the wells, the leather bucket, called a dole, is used by both the puckaully and the hand-bheesty.
The constant application of a wet skin to the clothes on the hip, necessarily disposes them to rot: on this account, most bheesties use a piece of cloth, called karwah, which having been dyed in grain with a composition, consisting chiefly of the solution of shell-lac, effectually resists the moisture.
SANJAY GANDHI NATIONAL PARK -BORIVLI-BOMBAY
LOWER PICTURE SHOWS 'THE HATIAN' SAILING ON INDIA ROUTE
SHIPS OF BOMBAY COAST -1600 A.D.[Vasco da Gama's Three Voyages, 239-242. A full account of the Portuguese shipping about 1600 is given in Pyrard, II. 118.]
Ships.
During
this period the Thana coast was famous for its ship-building. Between
1550 and 1600 great ships built at Agashi and Bassein made many voyages
to Europe, [Do Couto, IV. 99. Pyrard, French Edition. II. 114. No place had better timber than Bassein, Ditto, 115,] and, in 1634, the English had four pinnaces built for the coast trade, two at Daman and two at Bassein. [Bruee's Annals, I, 334.]
The Portuguese historian Gaspar Correa gives a fuller description than
any previous writer of the craft which were built at this time in the
Konkan ports. The local boats in ordinary use were of two kinds, one
which had the planking joined and sewn together with coir thread, the
other whose planks were fastened with thin nails with broad heads which
were rivetted inside with other broad heads fitted on. The ships sewn
with coir had keels, those fastened with nails were fiat-bottomed; in
other respects they were alike. The planks of the ship-sides went as
high as the cargo, and above the planks were cloths thicker than
bed-sacking and pitched with bitumen mixed with fish and-cocoanut oil.
Above the cloths were cane mats of he length of the ship, woven and very
strong, a defence against the sea which let no water pass through.
Inside, instead of decks, were chambers for the cargo covered with dried
and woven palm-leaves, forming a shelving roof off which the rain ran
and left the goods dry and unhurt. Above the palm-leaves cane mats, were
stretched, and on these the seamen walked without doing any harm. The
crew were lodged above; no one had quarters below where the merchandise
was stored. There was one large mast and two ropes on the sides, and one
rope at the prow like a stay, and two halliards Which came down to the
stern and helped to hold the mast. The yard had two-thirds of its length
abaft and one-third before the mast, and the sail Avas longer abaft
than forward by one-third. They had only a single sheet, and the tack of
the sail at the bow was made fast to the end of a sprit, almost as
large as the mast with which they brought the sail very forward, so that
they steered very close to the wind and set the sails very flat. They
had no top-masts and no more than one large sail. The rudder, which was
very large and of thin planks, was moved by ropes which ran along the
outside of the ship. The anchors were of hard wood, and they fastened
stones to the shanks so that they went to the bottom. They carried their
drinking water in square and high tanks.
Studio portrait of two Maratha youths from Akalkot, at Bombay.
View of Bombay Harbour. January 1870
Village of Walkeshwar, Malabar Point, Bombay
Wood Yard[ ANOTHER NAME FOR DESTRUCTION OF BOMBAY'S FOREST], Mazagaom [Mazagaon, Bombay].19TH CENTURY
[Indian theatrical group, Bombay.--19 TH CENTURY-(MALES DRESSED AS FEMALES)
Khandalla, Bombay
Scene in Bombay-PALANQUIN [PALKHI]WAS ONE OF THE MAIN MODE OF TRANSPORT
Bombay Harbour Docks.19 th century
Studio portrait of three Shenoy Bhatias, Bombay.
The Reversing Station, Campoolee, Bombay
Great Tree, Waee [Wai] near Mahableshwar, Bombay. Covers 5 acres of ground.
Water-colour painting of the mountains seen from Mahableshwar by John Frederick Lester (1825-1915) dated 8th November 1871. This image is from an allum of watercolours made between 1865 and 1877 in Kathiawar, Bombay, Poona, Mahabaleshwar and Savantvadi State.
Mahabaleshwar is a popular hill station situated at a height of 1372 metres in the Western Ghats in Maharashtra, western India. It is one of the wettest places in the mountains as it receives heavy rainfall in the monsoon season. This area was made an official British sanatorium in 1828 and became a popular retreat for Europeans escaping the heat of Bombay (Mumbai) and Poona (Pune). Mahabaleshwar's famous ‘points’ offer breathtaking views of mountains covered with evergreen forests and fertile valleys.
A photograph of a view of Matheran, near Bombay from the 'Vibart Collection of Views in South India' taken by an unknown photographer about 1855.The area around Matheran, a hill station is characterised by the Points, a series of rocky promontories overlooking the valleys below. In the 19th Century the British established a hill station here as a cool retreat from the heat of Bombay in the spring and autumn months.
A photograph of a view of the sail crafts, near Bombay from the 'Vibart Collection of Views in South India' taken by an unknown photographer about 1855. Local sailing craft moored at Thane, north-east of Bombay. This print is reproduced in The Indian amateurs photographic album (issue not noted), and there credited to William Johnson.
Stereo and type casting room ['Times of India'], - November 1898.--Photographer: E.O.S. and Company Medium: Photographic print Date: 1898
Print by E.O.S. and Company showing a line of type casting machines at the Times of India offices at Mumbai taken on the occasion of the newspaper's Diamond Jubilee (60 years), November 1898. The newspaper was established in the 1830s following Lord Metcalfe's Act of 1835 which removed restrictions on the liberty of the Indian press. On the 3rd November 1838 the 'Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce' was launched in bi-weekly editions, on Saturdays and Wednesdays. It contained news of Europe, America and the sub-continent and was conveyed between India and Europe via regular steam ships. From 1850 the paper appeared in daily editions and in 1861 the 'Bombay Times' became the 'Times of India'. By the end of the 19th century the paper employed 800 people and had a wide circulation in India and Europe. The company was owned by Kane, Bennett & Co. at this period and now it is called Bennett & Cole.
Machine room No. 1 ['Times of India'], - November 1898.--Photographer: E.O.S. and Company Medium: Photographic print Date: 1898
Print by E.O.S. and Company showing employees operating printing presses at the Times of India offices at Mumbai taken on the occasion of the newspaper's Diamond Jubilee (60 years), November 1898. The newspaper was established in the 1830s following Lord Metcalfe's Act of 1835 which removed restrictions on the liberty of the Indian press. On the 3rd November 1838 the 'Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce' was launched in bi-weekly editions, on Saturdays and Wednesdays. It contained news of Europe, America and the sub-continent and was conveyed between India and Europe via regular steam ships. From 1850 the paper appeared in daily editions and in 1861 the 'Bombay Times' became the 'Times of India'. By the end of the 19th century the paper employed 800 people and had a wide circulation in India and Europe.
The Church - Mahableshwar. November 1871'.--Artist: Lester, John Frederick (1825-1915) Medium: Watercolour Date: 1871
Water-colour
painting of the church at Mahabaleshwar by John Frederick Lester
(1825-1915) in November 1871. This image is from an album of
water-colours made between 1865 and 1877 in Kathiawar, Bombay, Poona,
Mahabaleshwar and Savantvadi State.
Mahabaleshwar
is a popular hill station situated at a height of 1372 metres in the
Western Ghats in Maharashtra, western India. It is one of the wettest
places in the mountains as it receives heavy rainfall in the monsoon
season. This area was made an official British sanatorium in 1828 and
became a popular retreat for Europeans escaping the heat of Bombay
(Mumbai) and Poona (Pune). Mahabaleshwar's famous ‘points’ offer
breathtaking views of mountains covered with evergreen forests and
fertile valleys.
General Manager's room ['Times of India'],AND THE HAND PULLED/OPERATED FAN/PUNKAH - November 1898.--Photographer: E.O.S. and Company Medium: Photographic print Date: 1898
{HAND PULLED PUNKAH [FAN]; USED BEFORE ELECTRIC FAN WAS MADE SEEN ;ALSO KEROSENE LIGHTS HANGING DOWN;AND TYPICAL FURNITURE OF 1898}
rint by E.O.S. and Company showing the general manager's room at the Times of India newspaper at Mumbai taken on the occasion of the newspaper's Diamond Jubilee (60 years), November 1898. The newspaper was established in the 1830s following Lord Metcalfe's Act of 1835 which removed restrictions on the liberty of the Indian press. On the 3rd November 1838 the 'Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce' was launched in bi-weekly editions, on Saturdays and Wednesdays. It contained news of Europe, America and the sub-continent and was conveyed between India and Europe via regular steam ships. From 1850 the paper appeared in daily editions and in 1861 the 'Bombay Times' became the 'Times of India'. By the end of the 19th century the paper employed 800 people and had a wide circulation in India and Europe. The company was owned by Kane, Bennett & Co. at this period.
OTHER MODELS OF HAND PULLED PUNAHS:-
 |
| HAND PULLED/OPERATED FAN/PUKAH |
The
Punkah Wallah was in charge of the punkah. Punkahs were cooling wafters
made by hanging a huge flap of cloth across a room on a wooden frame,
which was moved backwards and forwards – or to-and-fro depending on
one’s mood – to create a cooling draught of air. ‘Punkah’ is derived
from a Sanskrit word for ‘wing’ and the huge flaps not only looked like
giant wings, but also moved the airs as do wings.
Punkah
Wallahs sat on the floor and pulled a rope attached to the punkah’s
frame to create cool breezes. Silent in operation, they nonetheless
contributed critically to human comfort in many an office where the
merciless sun sought to frazzle and dehydrate its occupants. Underpaid,
and not required to produce much in the way of effort, nevertheless they
were indispensable, although not irreplaceable. A good Punkah Wallah
was punctual, silent, continuously effective, trustworthy, and discreet,
a necessary adjunct for someone who heard every detail of business or
military planning.
The
advent of electricity to remote places and the development of the
electric Punkah wallah signalled the end of the road for these patient
rope-tuggers, and another occupation slipped into the seldom opened
pages of history to be forgotten by all save those who have been the
direct beneficiaries of their services.
PHOTO OF ANOTHER HAND PULLED PUNKAH FROM AN OLD BRITISH BUNGALOW
BOMBAY AND THE FIRST
FILM
SHOW IN INDIA 1896
In 1896, India was first exposed to motion pictures when the Lumiere Brothers' Chinematographe showed six soundless short films on July 7 in Bombay.
BOMBAY WATSON HOTEL 1886-IN THIS HOTEL THE FIRST FILM WAS SHOWN
[Watson's
Hotel, currently known as the Esplanade Mansion, is India's oldest
surviving cast iron building. It is located in the Kala Ghoda area of
Mumbai (Bombay). Named after its original owner, John Watson, the
building was fabricated in England and constructed on site between 1860
and 1863. (Wikipedia)]
Among the hotel's notable guests was Mark Twain, who wrote about the city's crows he saw outside his balcony in Following the Equator. It was also the first place in India to screen the Lumière Brothers' Cinematographe invention in 1896. However this was witnessed only by Europeans.
A popular myth surround the hotel was that the staff at Watson's Hotel denied Indian industrialist Jamsetji Tata 
access to the hotel. In retaliation he opened the Taj Hotel,
a hotel that stands near the Gateway of India, in 1903. However, author and historian Sharada Dwived idebunks this legend. She points out a lack of evidence to prove that Tata was a man of vengeance.
access to the hotel. In retaliation he opened the Taj Hotel,
a hotel that stands near the Gateway of India, in 1903. However, author and historian Sharada Dwived idebunks this legend. She points out a lack of evidence to prove that Tata was a man of vengeance.
On
13 June 2010, the Mumbai Heritage Conservation Committee (MHCC) gave
its approval for the 130-year-old structure to be restored. The
restoration work will be carried out by the Maharashtra Housing and Area
Development Authority (MHADA).
| The Lumière Brothers Les frères Lumière | |
|---|---|
Auguste Lumière (left) and Louis Lumière (right) | |
| Place of birth | Besançon, France |
| Auguste | Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas Lumière |
| Louis | Louis Jean Lumière |
| Occupation | Filmmakers |
| Education | La Martiniere Lyon |
| Parents | Claude-Antoine Lumière (1840–1895) |
| Awards | Elliott Cresson Medal (1909) |
Bombay(Mumbai) Esplanade 1905
Watson's hotel, now known as Esplanade Mansions at Kala Ghoda
| Coordinates | 18.9283°N 72.8311°E |
|---|---|
| Structural system | Cast iron |
| Town | Mumbai |
| Country | India |
| Client | John Watson |
| Started | 1867 |
| Completed | 1869 |
| Architect | Rowland Mason Ordish |
| Engineer | Rowland Mason Ordish |
Oldest photographs in the world1826
Edison kinetoscope films 1894 -1896
The Lumiere Brothers' - First films (1895)
The world's first film poster, for 1895's L'Arroseur Arrosé
l'arroseur arrosé:-FILM
Cinematographe Lumière. Museu del Cinema[FILM PROJECTOR
1896]
The
Frenchman Louis Lumiere is often credited as inventing the first
motion picture camera in 1895. But in truth, several others had made
similar inventions around the same time as Lumiere. What Lumiere
invented was a portable motion-picture camera, film processing unit and
projector called the Cinematographe, three functions covered in one
invention.
|
Later in 1896, Edison showed his improved Vitascope projector and it was the first commercially, successful, projector in the U.S..   British Raj: The life of a British Army officer during the early days of British government rule in India, which was between 1858 and 1947  The newlyweds going on a honeymoon— G.F. Atkinson, C 1850 . 
 Rival candidates at Calcutta —James Moffat C. 1800.
     INDIAN SOLDIERS 1800'S 
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The Municipal Offices and Victoria Terminus, Bombay, India, late 19th century.[BEFORE CARS WERE MADE]
 |
| ROAD SIDE BARBER 19 TH CENTURY |
Boy and ayah" (ayah = carer)
COLONIAL ERA-DATE 1876
Assamese Tea Coolies Being Paid by European Man In Entranceway of Pole Structure with Thatch Roof
The release of atomic energy has not created a new problem. It has merely made more urgent the necessity of solving an existing one.
[URL="http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/a/alberteins108423.html"]Albert Einstein[/URL]
bottles of Bee-yotch on ice!
COLONIAL ERA-BRITISH INDIA
 |
Punka boy, Gin & Madeira drinks, Sahibs relaxing with dogs on a dog day. |
ENGLISH SOLDIER'S CANTEEN-AROUND 1900
BRITISH BUNGALOW WITH SERVANTS-1870S
[2]MAP 1860
[3]MAP 1909
[4]MAP1914
[5] MAP 1924
[6]MAP 1932
[7]MAP 1954-SOUTH BOMBAY
[8]MAP 1954 NORTH BOMBAY
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------THE FIRST RESIDENT OF BOMBAY- GARCIA D'ORTA -----------------------------------------------
[Jews in Bombay'S HISTORY ]:-
IT MAY BE SURPRISING TO KNOW THE EARLIEST EUROPEAN OWNER OF BOMBAY WAS MR.GARCIA D'ORTA ;TO WHOM THE ISLAND WAS GIVEN ON A SMALL QUIT RENT BY THE PORTUGUESE VICEROY, PEDRO MASCERENHAS,BETWEEN 1548 AND 1554
IT MAY BE SURPRISING TO KNOW THE EARLIEST EUROPEAN OWNER OF BOMBAY WAS MR.GARCIA D'ORTA ;TO WHOM THE ISLAND WAS GIVEN ON A SMALL QUIT RENT BY THE PORTUGUESE VICEROY, PEDRO MASCERENHAS,BETWEEN 1548 AND 1554
Bombay
enters Jewish history after the cession of the city to the Portuguese
in the middle of the 16th century. Then a small fishing island of no
great economic significance, Bombay was leased out around 1554-55 to the
celebrated *Marrano[Marranos (Spanish: [maˈranos], or 'secret Jews', Jewish people living in the Iberian peninsula, forced to convert to Catholicism-Christianity ]
scientist and physician Garcia da *Orta
, in recognition of his services to the viceroy. Garcia repeatedly refers in his Coloquios (Goa, 1563) to "the land and island which the king our lord made me a grant of, paying a quit-rent."
Title page of Garcia de Orta's Colóquios. Goa, 1563.
After the transference of Bombay to English rule the Jews Abraham *Navarro expected to receive a high office in the Bombay council of the East India Company in recognition of his services. This was, however, denied to him because he was a Jew.
In 1697 Benjamin Franks jumped Captain Kidd's "Adventure Galley" in Bombay as a protest against Kidd's acts of piracy; his deposition led to Kidd's trial in London.
The foundation of a permanent Jewish settlement in Bombay was laid in the second half of the 18th century by the *Bene Israel who gradually moved from their villages in the Konkan region to Bombay. Their first synagogue in Bombay was built (1796) on the initiative of S.E. *Divekar.
scientist and physician Garcia da *Orta
 |
| statue of Garcia d'orrta the first resident of Bombay |
, in recognition of his services to the viceroy. Garcia repeatedly refers in his Coloquios (Goa, 1563) to "the land and island which the king our lord made me a grant of, paying a quit-rent."
Garcia
de Orta was born in Castelo de Vide, probably in 1501, the son of
Fernão (Isaac) da Orta, a merchant, and Leonor Gomes. He had three
sisters, Violante, Catarina and Isabel. Their parents were Spanish Jews
from Valencia de Alcántara who had taken refuge, as many others did,
in Portugal at the time of the great expulsion of the Spanish Jews by
the Reyes Catolicos Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain in 1492.
He
studied medicine, arts and philosophy at the Universities of Alcalá de
Henares and Salamanca in Spain. He graduated and returned to Portugal in
1523, two years after his father's death. He practiced medicine first
in his home town and from 1526 onwards in Lisbon, where he gained a
professorship at the university in 1530.
Perhaps
fearing the increasing power of the Inquisition, and fortunately
evading the ban on emigration of New Christians, he sailed for India in
1534 as Chief Physician aboard the fleet of the Viceroy Martim Afonso de
Sousa. He travelled with the Viceroy on various campaigns, then, in
1538, settled at Goa, where he soon had a prominent medical practice. He
was physician to Burhan Shah I of the Nizam Shahi
dynasty of Ahmadnagar, and concurrently to several successive Portuguese Viceroys and governors of Goa: one of these granted him a lease of the island of Bombay, though he never lived there.
Garcia
de Orta married a rich New Christian relative, Brianda de Solis, in
1543; the marriage was unhappy, but the couple had two daughters.Brianda de Solis was the lady of
Bombay, the only lady-owner of an island that Camôes ever came to know.
After the death of Orta’s mother, in 1557, the couple left Goa, to go
and live in Bombay, and it must be here that Brianda welcomed not
"Gama", but Camôes himself. There are some who say that there was no
such island inhabited only by women, but the fact is that when Garcia de
Orta , and his male retinue, traveled to the court of the Nizam, the
island was peopled only by women. Brianda had two daughters, Beatriz and
a younger one, and had at least three Indian maids - Antónia, Brianda
and Leonor, who maybe went around half-dressed, just as many Indian
women are depicted – and she had moreover at least one negro slave,
called Joana. In 1549 his mother and two of his sisters, who had been imprisoned as Jews in Lisbon, managed to join him in Goa.
. According to a confession by his brother-in-law after his death, Garcia de Orta privately continued to assert that "the Law of Moses was the true law"; in other words, he, probably in common with others in his family, remained a Jewish believer. In 1565 the Inquisition was introduced to the Indian Viceroyalty and an inquisitorial court was opened in Goa. Active persecution against Jews, secret Jews, Hindus and New Christians began. Garcia himself died in 1568,
the Inquisition in Goa lasted 252 years, from 1560 until 1812, and were it not for the fact that Goa was occupied militarily by the British during the Napoleonic wars, I believe that the British had a lot to do, to banish this iniquitous organization, which sent to the stake, more than 39,000 people, not only "new Christians" (marranos), but also many Goans who had been Christianized, and were unjustly accused of venerating in secret their ancient gods
apparently without having suffered seriously from this persecution, but his sister Catarina was arrested as a Jew in the same year and was burned at the stake for Judaism in Goa in 1569. Garcia himself was posthumously convicted of Judaism. His remains were exhumed and burned in anauto da fé in 1580. The fate of his daughters is not known.
. According to a confession by his brother-in-law after his death, Garcia de Orta privately continued to assert that "the Law of Moses was the true law"; in other words, he, probably in common with others in his family, remained a Jewish believer. In 1565 the Inquisition was introduced to the Indian Viceroyalty and an inquisitorial court was opened in Goa. Active persecution against Jews, secret Jews, Hindus and New Christians began. Garcia himself died in 1568,
the Inquisition in Goa lasted 252 years, from 1560 until 1812, and were it not for the fact that Goa was occupied militarily by the British during the Napoleonic wars, I believe that the British had a lot to do, to banish this iniquitous organization, which sent to the stake, more than 39,000 people, not only "new Christians" (marranos), but also many Goans who had been Christianized, and were unjustly accused of venerating in secret their ancient gods
apparently without having suffered seriously from this persecution, but his sister Catarina was arrested as a Jew in the same year and was burned at the stake for Judaism in Goa in 1569. Garcia himself was posthumously convicted of Judaism. His remains were exhumed and burned in anauto da fé in 1580. The fate of his daughters is not known.
His remarkable knowledge of Eastern spices and drugs is revealed in his only known work,
Colóquios dos simples e drogas he cousas medicinais da Índia ("Conversations on the simples, drugs and medicinal substances of India"), published at Goa in 1563. This deals with a series of substances, many of them unknown or the subject of confusion and misinformation in Europe at this period.
He was the first European to describe Asiatic tropical diseases, notably cholera; he performed an autopsy on a cholera victim, the first recorded autopsy in India. Garcia de Orta reveals in his writings an unusual independence in face of the usually revered texts of ancient authorities, Greek, Latin and Arabic.
Colóquios dos simples e drogas he cousas medicinais da Índia ("Conversations on the simples, drugs and medicinal substances of India"), published at Goa in 1563. This deals with a series of substances, many of them unknown or the subject of confusion and misinformation in Europe at this period.
He was the first European to describe Asiatic tropical diseases, notably cholera; he performed an autopsy on a cholera victim, the first recorded autopsy in India. Garcia de Orta reveals in his writings an unusual independence in face of the usually revered texts of ancient authorities, Greek, Latin and Arabic.
The
book happens to include the first published verses by his friend the
poet Luís de Camões, now counted as Portugal's national poet.
“FROM THE AUTHOR TALKING TO HIS BOOK,
and sent to Sr. Martim Afonso de Souza.
and sent to Sr. Martim Afonso de Souza.
My trusty book, from here you go;
With one good cause I console myself
On seeing you bear your breast
To the sharp blade at every corner:
Which is, that I send you to be examined
By a gentleman who, from pole to pole,
Is the only one in whom wise Apollo
Has shown the same strengths as the warrior Mars.
There you will find true justification,
With the force of reason, or of daring,
That one virtue will not annul the other;
In front of you the palm and the olive tree
Tell you that only he gives equal value to both
The bloody armour and the white toga
Garcia
de Orta's work was soon recognized across Europe when translations
appeared in Latin (then the scientific lingua franca) and other
languages. Large parts of it were included in a similar work published
in Spanish in 1578 by Cristóbal Acosta, Tractado de las drogas y medicinas de las Indias orientales ("Treatise of the drugs and medicines of the East Indies"
After the transference of Bombay to English rule the Jews Abraham *Navarro expected to receive a high office in the Bombay council of the East India Company in recognition of his services. This was, however, denied to him because he was a Jew.
In 1697 Benjamin Franks jumped Captain Kidd's "Adventure Galley" in Bombay as a protest against Kidd's acts of piracy; his deposition led to Kidd's trial in London.
The foundation of a permanent Jewish settlement in Bombay was laid in the second half of the 18th century by the *Bene Israel who gradually moved from their villages in the Konkan region to Bombay. Their first synagogue in Bombay was built (1796) on the initiative of S.E. *Divekar.
Waves of Jewish immigrants: Cochin Jews, Syrian and Mesopotamian Jews
*Cochin Jews strengthened the Bene Israel in their religious revival. The next largest wave of immigrants to Bombay consisted of Jewish merchants from Syria and Mesopotamia. Prominent was Suleiman ibn Ya'qub (Ya'qūb) or Solomon Jacob whose commercial activities from 1795 to 1833 are documented in the Bombay records. The Arabic-speaking Jewish colony in Bombay was increased by the influx of other "Arabian Jews" from *Surat (Sūrat), who, in consequence of economic changes there, turned their eyes to India.
Jewish immigrants: Baghdad Jews in 1833
A turning point in the history of the Jewish settlement in Bombay was reached with the arrival in 1833 of (col. 1192)
the Baghdad Jewish merchant, industrialist, and philanthropist, David *Sassoon (1792-1864) who soon became a leading figure of the Jewish community. He and his house had a profound impact on Bombay as a whole as well as on all sectors of the Jewish community. Many of the educational, cultural, and civic institutions, as well as hospitals and synagogues in Bombay owe their existence to the munificence of the Sassoon family.
*Cochin Jews strengthened the Bene Israel in their religious revival. The next largest wave of immigrants to Bombay consisted of Jewish merchants from Syria and Mesopotamia. Prominent was Suleiman ibn Ya'qub (Ya'qūb) or Solomon Jacob whose commercial activities from 1795 to 1833 are documented in the Bombay records. The Arabic-speaking Jewish colony in Bombay was increased by the influx of other "Arabian Jews" from *Surat (Sūrat), who, in consequence of economic changes there, turned their eyes to India.
Jewish immigrants: Baghdad Jews in 1833
A turning point in the history of the Jewish settlement in Bombay was reached with the arrival in 1833 of (col. 1192)
the Baghdad Jewish merchant, industrialist, and philanthropist, David *Sassoon (1792-1864) who soon became a leading figure of the Jewish community. He and his house had a profound impact on Bombay as a whole as well as on all sectors of the Jewish community. Many of the educational, cultural, and civic institutions, as well as hospitals and synagogues in Bombay owe their existence to the munificence of the Sassoon family.
Kneseth David Synagogue in Byculla, Bombay (1861), front |
Jewish cultural life in Bombay
Unlike the Bene Israel, the Arabic-speaking Jews in Bombay did not assimilate the language of their neighbours, Marathi, but carried their Judeo-Arabic language and literature with them and continued to regard Baghdad as their spiritual center. They therefore established their own synagogues, the Magen David in 1861 in Byculla, and the Kneseth Elijah in 1888 in the Fort quarter of Bombay. A weekly Judeo-Arabic periodical, Doresh Tov le-Ammo, which mirrored communal life, appeared from 1855 to 1866. Hebrew printing began in Bombay with the arrival of Yemenite Jews in the middle of the 19th century. They took an interest in the religious welfare of the Bene Israel, for whom - as well as for themselves - they printed various liturgies from 1841 onward, some with translations into
Marathi, the vernacular of the Bene Israel. Apart from a shortlived attempt to print with movable type, all this printing was by lithography. In 1882, the Press of the Bombay Educational Society was established followed in 1884 by the Anglo-Jewish and Vernacular Press, in 1887 by the Hebrew and English Press, and in 1900 by the Lebanon Printing Press), which sponsored the publication of over 100 Judeo-Arabic books to meet their liturgical and literary needs, and also printed books for the Bene Israel.
Unlike the Bene Israel, the Arabic-speaking Jews in Bombay did not assimilate the language of their neighbours, Marathi, but carried their Judeo-Arabic language and literature with them and continued to regard Baghdad as their spiritual center. They therefore established their own synagogues, the Magen David in 1861 in Byculla, and the Kneseth Elijah in 1888 in the Fort quarter of Bombay. A weekly Judeo-Arabic periodical, Doresh Tov le-Ammo, which mirrored communal life, appeared from 1855 to 1866. Hebrew printing began in Bombay with the arrival of Yemenite Jews in the middle of the 19th century. They took an interest in the religious welfare of the Bene Israel, for whom - as well as for themselves - they printed various liturgies from 1841 onward, some with translations into
Marathi, the vernacular of the Bene Israel. Apart from a shortlived attempt to print with movable type, all this printing was by lithography. In 1882, the Press of the Bombay Educational Society was established followed in 1884 by the Anglo-Jewish and Vernacular Press, in 1887 by the Hebrew and English Press, and in 1900 by the Lebanon Printing Press), which sponsored the publication of over 100 Judeo-Arabic books to meet their liturgical and literary needs, and also printed books for the Bene Israel.
Kneseth Elijah Synagogue in Bombay (1888), front | Kneseth Elijah Synagogue in Bombay (1888), interior |
The prosperity of Bombay attracted a new wave of Jewish immigrants from Cochin, Yemen, Afghanistan, Bukhara, and Persia. Among Persian Jews who settled in Bombay, the most prominent and remarkable figure was Mulla (Mullā) Ibrahim *Nathan (d. 1868) who, with his brother Musa (Mūsā), both of *Meshed, were rewarded by the government for their services during the first Afghan War.
The political events in Europe and the advent of Nazism brought a number of German, Polish, Rumanian [[Romanian]], and other European Jews to Bombay, many of whom were active as scientists, physicians, industrialists, and merchants.
GARCIA (ABRAHAM) DA ORTAhttp://www.vidaslusofonas.pt/garcia_da_horta2.htm
Fotos de Notas antigas - 20 Escudos 27 Julho 1971 Garcia da Orta
 |
| GARCIA D'ORTA |
 |
| CORPORATION OF THE CITY OF PANAJI |
d'Orta's work on Indian plants and medicines, 1578.http://www.archi ve.org/stream/colloquiesonsimp00orta#page/n7/mode/2up
 |
THE BIRTH PLACE OF GARCIA D'ORTA     |
in Santa Maria da Devesa, 7320 Castelo de Vide Municipality,
Bombay Castle (also Casa da Orta)
The
English established themselves at The Manor House and bestowed upon it a
new sovereign title, ‘The Bombay Castle’. This first Government House
was situated in the heart of the Fort, behind the Town Hall and between
the Mint and the Old Custom House.is
one of the oldest defensive structures built in the city
of Mumbai (formerly Bombay). The current castle is a structure built by
the British on the site of the Manor House built by a Portuguese nobleman Garcia de Orta . Orta had leased the island of Bombay from the King of Portugal between 1554 and 1570.
The
castle was built of local blue Kurla stone and red laterite stone from
the Konkan region to the south. In 1662, after the islands came under
the hands of the British, the British East India Company took possession
of the castle in 1665. Over the next ten years, they built a defensive
structure around the manor. Around the same time, a wall was being built
around a new urban centre. The wall was later demolished in 1865 after
the city grew rapidly. Fragments of this wall however still exist in
some areas.
ct))
The history of Bombay Castle dates back to 1554
, when a modest Quinta manor or Manor House was built by Portuguese physician and botanist, Garcia-da-Orta, who had leased the island of Bombaim from the Portuguese government. The Manor House was double-storied wooden structure surrounded by a garden. According to naval authorities, the Manor House became the residence of the Portuguese governor in 1626. By 1634, the structure was rebuilt and fortified with a single bastion and two cannons.
In 1661, Princess Catherine de Braganza of Portugal married Charles-II of England, and the islands were gifted to the British as dowry. The formal instrument of possession of Mumbai was signed in Manor House on February 18, 1665. The then British Governor, Humphrey Cook, is believed to have fortified the structure further with lime and stone, and make it large enough to accommodate 18 cannons. He named it Bombay Castle.
Garcia mentions the island under the name of Bombaim and
Mombaim. He also notes that his tenant Simao Toscano sent
him mangoes from a tree that yielded twice a year. — Bombay
Gazetteer, Vol. XXVI., Part 3, page 256.
A Short Sketch of the Early History of the Town and Island of Bombay, Hindu ...
Published 1902 by Times of India Press .
 | |||
| SATI |
George Oxenden---The First East India company Governor of Bombay AND Gerald Aungier THE SECOND GOVERNOR OF ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY OF BOMBAY CITY
Portrait of Charles II
Sir George Oxenden (1620–1669) was the first governor of the Bombay Presidency during the early rule of the British East India Companyin India.
He
was the third son of Sir James Oxenden of Dene, Kent, knight, and of
Margaret, daughter of Thomas Nevinson of Eastry, Kent, and was baptised
at Wingham on 6 April 1620. He spent his youth in India, and on 24
November 1661 was knighted at Whitehall Palace. At the time the
London East India Company had a new charter from Charles II, but the
king's marriage to Catherine of Braganza involved the company because
the island of Bombay had,
under the marriage treaty, been ceded by Portugal to England, and it
lay within the company's territories. The court of directors in March
1661 resolved to restore their trade in the East Indies, and appointed,
on 19 March 1662, Sir George Oxenden to the post of president and chief
director of all their affairs at Surat,
and all other their factories in the north parts of India, from Ceylon to theRed Sea. A
and all other their factories in the north parts of India, from Ceylon to theRed Sea. A
Oxenden
found on his arrival in India that the company's trade was limited to
the presidencies of Surat and Fort St. George, and to the factory at Bantam.
The king's troops were coming from England to keep down private trade.
Sir George Oxenden was instructed to assist them, and to abstain from
embroiling the company with foreign powers.
The States-General of Holland were contesting the supremacy of the sea
in Asia; English troops arrived, but were unable to obtain the immediate
cession of Bombay, and Sir George Oxenden was prevented from assisting
them by increased complications. France joined Holland in threatening
the company's trade, while the Mogul chieftains showed themselves
jealous of English predominance. Aurungzebe, the Mogul emperor,
looked for advantage from the superior naval powers.
looked for advantage from the superior naval powers.
Sir
Abraham Shipman, the commander of the royal troops, found himself
powerless to take or hold Bombay, and therefore proposed to cede it to
the company. Meanwhile the government offered the whole of the trade of
that port to the company, in return for the company's aid against the
Dutch. Both these offers were under Oxenden's consideration when, in January 1664, Surat was suddenly attacked by a force of Marathas,
"The Lodge of the English at Suratte-- 1) The Church; 2) The House; 3) The Armory; 4) The Coach-house," from 'Lo Statto presente di tutti i paesi e popoli del mondo...', a translation of the work of *Thomas Salmon*, published in Venice, 1751; CLICK ON THE IMAGE FOR A VERY LARGE
consisting of some four thousand horse under the command of Shivaji.
INDOSTAN - SURAT
"The Lodge of the English at Suratte-- 1) The Church; 2) The House; 3) The Armory; 4) The Coach-house," from 'Lo Statto presente di tutti i paesi e popoli del mondo...', a translation of the work of *Thomas Salmon*, published in Venice, 1751; CLICK ON THE IMAGE FOR A VERY LARGE
consisting of some four thousand horse under the command of Shivaji.
The
inhabitants fled, the governor shut himself up in the castle, while
Oxenden and the company's servants fortified the English factory.
Oxenden and his party defended themselves successly but Shivaji took away an immense booty.
Oxenden received the thanks of Aurungzebe, and an extension of the
privileges of trade to the English, with an exemption of the payment of
customs for one year.
In March 1667, Charles II ceded Bombay
to the East India Company, and they commissioned Oxenden to take possession of the island of Bombay. In August of that year the court of directors appointed him governor and commander-in-chief of Bombay, with power to nominate a deputy-governor to reside on the island, but he was placed under the control of the president and council of Surat. On 21 September 1667 the island was formally ceded by the royal troops to the new governor. The English officers and privates there were invited to enter the company's service, and thus the first military establishment of the East India Company at Bombay was created. On 14 July 1669 Oxenden died at Surat, and the company erected a monument over Sir George's grave there.
to the East India Company, and they commissioned Oxenden to take possession of the island of Bombay. In August of that year the court of directors appointed him governor and commander-in-chief of Bombay, with power to nominate a deputy-governor to reside on the island, but he was placed under the control of the president and council of Surat. On 21 September 1667 the island was formally ceded by the royal troops to the new governor. The English officers and privates there were invited to enter the company's service, and thus the first military establishment of the East India Company at Bombay was created. On 14 July 1669 Oxenden died at Surat, and the company erected a monument over Sir George's grave there.
His
nephew, Sir Henry Oxenden, 3rd Baronet (d. 1709), who was for a short
time deputy-governor of Bombay, was second son of George Oxenden's elder
brother Henry, who was knighted on 9 June 1660, was M.P. for Sandwich,
and was created a baronet on 8 May 1678. The latter's third son
was George Oxenden the civil lawyer.
--------------------------------------------------------------------0-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Gerald Aungier (died 1677--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Gerald Aungier (died 1677) was the second Governor of Bombay. He was made the president of the Surat factor and the governor of Bombay in 1672
, which posts he held till 1675. He was responsible for the initial growth of the city.
![[Surat-4.jpg]](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2iripdoPngoq20YqbbxrkL1bix55ur3URce9rsHzJ00CGKhcSara42Xgq_CbkD35ljeI0WnDVjV9tNkFpsVa0vd_w6CmWjLpFiQ9kLQ-W5yoaLGUBxSh7n98by3LSWplWYOa-3f9fK85g/s1600/Surat-4.jpg)
ENGLISH CEMETERY IN SURAT
THE
EARLY EUROPEAN TOMBS AT CITY OF SURAT (GUJARAT,INDIA) DATING FROM
SEVENTEENTH CENTURY ARE AMONG THE MOST IMPORTANT MONUMENTS AT SURAT.THE
EARLIEST AND ONE OF THE MOST ATTRACTIVE TOMBS IN THE CEMENTERY IS THAT
OF FRANCIS BRETON PRESIDENT OF THE ENGLISH FACTORY WHO DIED IN A.D.1649,
ANOTHER IS AN IMPOSING MAUSOLEUM IN THE CEMETERY OVER THE GRAVES OF
CHRISTOPHER AND SIR GEORGEOXENDEN.
TOMB OF CHRISTOPHER OXENDEN:
TOMB OF CHRISTOPHER OXENDEN:CHRISTOPHER DIED IN 1659 AND A DOMED STRUCTURE
WITH FOUR PINNACLES AT THE CORNERS WAS ERECTED OVER HIS GRAVE AN
EPITAPH IN LATIN AND OLD ENGLISH CHARUCTERS WAS PLACED WITH IN IT BY HIS
BROTHER AND PRESIDENT OF THE ENGLISH FACTORY GEORGE OXENDEN, 
WHO DIED LATER IN 1669A.D.
WHO DIED LATER IN 1669A.D.SIR
GEORGE WAS ALSO BURIED IN THE SAME MAUSOLEUM AND A CAFTIER AND MOST
EXPENSIVE CUPOLA WAS RAISED OVER THE SAME MAUSOLEUM IN THE UPPER COMPART
MENT OF THIS BUILDING IS INSERTED A LARGE MARBLE SLAB BEARING AN
INSCRIPTION IN LATIN TO
THE MEMORY OF SIR GEORGE.
Name | Portrait | Assumed office | Left office | Years in office | Remarks[a] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | George Oxeden 1ST | 23 September 1668 | 14 July 1669 | 1 | ||
| 2 | Matthew Gray (ACTING) | 14 July 1669 | 7 June 1672 | 3 | Acting | |
| 3 | Gerald Aungier 2ND | 7 June 1672 | 30 June 1677 | 5 | ||
| 4 | Henry Oxenden | 30 June 1677 | 27 October 1681 | 4 | ||
| 5 | John Child | 27 October 1681 | 27 December 1683 | 2 | ||
| 6 | Richard Keigwin[b] | 27 December 1683 | 19 November 1684 | 1 | Acting | |
| 7 | Charles Zinzan | 19 November 1684 | 1685 | 1 | Acting | |
| 8 | John Wyborne | 1685 | 2 May 1687 | 2 | Acting | |
| 9 | John Child | 2 May 1687 | 4 Feb 1690 | 3 | ||
| 10 | Bartholomew Harris | 4 February 1690 | 10 May 1694 | 4 | ||
| 11 | Daniel Annesley | 10 May 1694 | 17 May 1694 | Acting | ||
| 12 | John Gayer | 17 May 1694 | November 1704 | 10 | ||
| 13 | Nicholas Waite | November 1704 | September 1708 | 4 | ||
| 14 | William Aislabie | September 1708 | 11 October 1715 | 7 | ||
| 15 | Stephen Strutt | 11 October 1715 | 26 December 1715 | Acting | ||
| 16 | Charles Boone | 26 December 1715 | 9 January 1722 | 7 | ||
| 17 | William Phipps | 9 January 1722 | 10 January 1729 | 7 | ||
| 18 | Robert Cowan | 10 January 1729 | 22 September 1734 | 5 | ||
| 19 | John Horne | 22 September 1734 | 7 April 1739 | 5 | ||
| 20 | Stephen Law | 7 April 1739 | 15 November 1742 | 3 | ||
| 21 | John Geekie | 15 November 1742 | 26 November 1742 | Acting | ||
| 22 | William Wake | 26 November 1742 | 17 November 1750 | 8 | ||
| 23 | Richard Bourchier | 17 November 1750 | 1760 | 10 | ||
| 24 | John Holkell | 1760 | 28 February 1760 | Acting | ||
| 25 | Charles Crommelin | 28 February 1760 | 27 January 1767 | 7 | ||
| 26 | Thomas Hodges | 27 January 1767 | 23 February 1771 | 4 | ||
| 27 | William Hornby | 26 February 1771 | 1 January 1784 | 13 | ||
| 28 | Rawson Hart Boddam | 1 January 1784 | 9 January 1788 | 4 | ||
| 29 | Andrew Ramsay | 9 January 1788 | 6 September 1788 | 1 | Acting | |
| 30 | William Medows |  | 6 September 1788 | 21 January 1790 | 2 | |
| 31 | Robert Abercromby |  | 21 January 1790 | 26 November 1792 | 2 | |
| 32 | George Dick | 26 November 1792 | 9 November 1795 | 3 | Acting | |
| 33 | John Griffith | 9 November 1795 | 27 December 1795 | Acting | ||
| 34 | Jonathan Duncan | 27 December 1795 | 11 August 1811 | 16 | ||
| 35 | George Brown | 11 August 1811 | 12 August 1812 | 1 | Acting | |
| 36 | Evan Nepean |  | 12 August 1812 | 1 November 1819 | 7 | |
| 37 | Mountstuart Elphinstone |  | 1 November 1819 | 1 November 1827 | 8 | |
| 38 | John Malcolm |  | 1 November 1827 | 1 December 1830 | 3 | |
| 39 | Thomas Sidney Beckwith | 1 December 1830 | 15 January 1831 | 1 | Acting | |
| 40 | John Romer | 17 January 1831 | 21 March 1831 | Acting | ||
| 41 | John FitzGibbon |  | 21 March 1831 | 17 March 1835 | 4 | |
| 42 | Robert Grant |  | 17 March 1835 | 9 July 1838 | 3 | |
| 43 | James Farish | 11 July 1838 | 31 May 1839 | 1 | Acting | |
| 44 | James Rivett Carnac | 31 May 1839 | 27 April 1841 | 2 | ||
| 45 | William Hay Macnaghten |  | 27 April 1841 | 28 April 1841 | Acting | |
| 46 | George William Anderson | 28 April 1841 | 9 June 1842 | 1 | Acting | |
| 47 | George Arthur |  | 9 June 1842 | 6 August 1846 | 4 | |
| 48 | Lestock Robert Reid | 6 August 1846 | 23 January 1847 | 1 | Acting | |
| 49 | George Russell Clerk | 23 January 1847 | 1 May 1848 | 1 | Acting | |
| 50 | Lucius Cary (Lord Falkland) | 1 May 1848 | 26 December 1853 | 5 | ||
| 51 | John Elphinstone (Lord Elphinstone) | 26 December 1853 | 11 May 1860 | 7 | ||
| 52 | George Russell Clerk | 11 May 1860 | 24 April 1862 | 2 | Acting |
--------------------------------------------------------------------0-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Gerald Aungier (died 1677--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Gerald Aungier (died 1677) was the second Governor of Bombay. He was made the president of the Surat factor and the governor of Bombay in 1672
| Aungier Clan Coat of Arms | |
 |
, which posts he held till 1675. He was responsible for the initial growth of the city.
Although the Portuguese king had ceded all the islands of Bombay to the British king Charles II of England, the Portuguese in India refused to hand over the territory. It was not till 1675 that Aungier actually took possession of Colaba and Old Woman's Island, thus completing the transfer of power to the British. His plan of fortifying the main island, from Dongri in the north to the harbour, had to wait until 1715 for completion, when Charles Boone became the governor of the town.
He
offered various inducements to skilled workers and traders to set up
business in Bombay. His offers were tempting enough to lure many traders
and artisans from Gujarat to
the newly developing town. As a result Bombay registered its first
population boom. Between 1661 and 1675 there was a sixfold increase in
population.
In Bombay, Governor Aungier formed a militia of local Bhandari youth to deal with organized street-level gangs that robbed sailors in 1669. Thus, Bhandari Militia was the first police establishment in Mumbai(then Bombay) during British India.
Aungier established the first mint in Bombay
, and ceded land near the Malabar Hill to immigrant Parsi workers and traders for a Tower of Silence.
It was during his governorship, in 1670, that the first printing press was imported and set up in Bombay.
, and ceded land near the Malabar Hill to immigrant Parsi workers and traders for a Tower of Silence.
It was during his governorship, in 1670, that the first printing press was imported and set up in Bombay.
THE TOMB OF GERALD AUNGIER:
GERALD
AUNGIER WAS THE GOVERNOR OF BOMBAY AND HE WAS ALSO PRESIDENT OF THE
ENGLISH FACTORY HIS TOMB LIES CLOSED TO THE OXENDENS AND IN 1916, AT THE
SUGGESTION OF LORD CURZON A TABLET WAS ERECTED GIVING THE IDENTITY OF
THE TOMB.
Finder takes 80% AND (colonial) thief takes 20% . none for the owner(India under slave/colonial rule)---NEWS OFWW II shipwreck found, with £155m treasure on board
Largest amount of precious metal ever found at sea; British vessel SS Gairsoppa was returning fromIndia in 1941 when she was torpedoed by a Nazi U-boat
London A
shipwreck holding silver worth £150million has been discovered in the
Atlantic — the largest amount of precious metal ever found at sea. About
200 tons of the bullion sank off Ireland with British cargo steamer the
SS Gairsoppa when it was hit by a German torpedo in 1941. But it has now been found by US treasure hunters hired by UK Department for Transport.They will now attempt to salvage the silver and will have to hand 20% of its value to the British Treasury.  Treasure hunter: The RV Odyssey Explorer, bristling with high-tech equipment, which went looking for and found the wreck of the Gairsoppa The
US team lowered a robot 2.9 miles to the seabed and it found a gaping
hole in the side of the ship where the torpedo had struck 70 years ago. Greg Stemm, chief executive of underwater archaeology and salvage firm Odyssey Marine Exploration, said: “We were fortunate to find the shipwreck sitting upright, with the holds open and easily accessible. “This should enable to us to unload cargo through the hatches, as would happen with a ship alongside a cargo terminal.” Valued then at 600,000 pounds, the silver today is worth about £150million, which would make it history's largest recovery of precious metals lost at sea, Odyssey said. After a competitive tender process the British government awarded Odyssey an exclusive salvage contract for the cargo, and under the agreement Odyssey will retain 80 percent of the silver bullion salvaged from the wreck. In May 2007, Odyssey announced it had found half a million silver coins and hundreds of gold objects from a ship they code-named the "Black Swan," which went down in 1804 off the Strait of Gibraltar. The find is being contested by Spain, which claims the trove. Sunken Treasure  Hoard: The ship, which was torpedoed after breaking away from a convoy, was carrying silver • The 125-metre Gairsoppa had been sailing from India back to Liverpool in February 1941 bearing a cargo of silver, pig iron and tea, and was in a convoy of ships when a storm struck. • Running low on fuel, the Gairsoppa broke off from the convoy and set a course for Galway, Ireland.  • It was hit by a German torpedo in the contested waters of the North Atlantic • Of the 85 people on board, only one survived • The Gairsoppa came to rest nearly 4,700 m below the surface. A previous effort to locate the shipwreck failed.  Finders Keepers. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- As
late as the 1750s, India had an export surplus; its favourable trade
balance was matched by bullion import, as the world had nothing else to
offer India in return for its fine textiles. British colonialism
reversed this process, first by monopolising trade and then — in the
early 19th century — by demolishing Indian industry. During the period
when British trade established supremacy, goods were exported by India
but the bullion never reached the country. British merchants purchased
goods in rupee receipts in India, and exchanged them abroad for bullion.
Much before Dadabhai Naoroji and the so-called ‘modern nationalist’
school came up with a figure for India’s drain of wealth, Mughal
chroniclers had put it at more than 100,000 million pound sterling per
annum. Dadabhai NAVROJIproved
that the average annual income of an Indian was barely Rs 20. Examining
the import and export figures for 37 years, he proved that India's
exports exceeded its imports by Rs 50 crores (approximately $135
million) annually. In
fact, bullion owed to India helped finance England’s Industrial
Revolution. Then, in order to flood Indian markets with European goods,
India was de-industrialised. From being a supplier of luxury goods, it
was turned into an exporter of raw material. Between 1820 and 1840,
de-industrialisation closed down more than 12,000 markets, controlled
and operated by peasants and small entrepreneurs in northern India The ideological moorings of imperialism have been many. From liberal
tradition of orientalism to that of not so good utilitarianism. All
these affected the political as well as the economic fabric. The
imperial powers started as trading organisations and later developed
into full fledged political powers. This transformation was to a large
extent based on the control over resources. In India's context, this had
meant things like:
# Use of territorial revenue by British trading company as 'investment',
whereby during the eighteenth century, it would use the territorial
revenue of Bengal to buy goods from Bengal and export that to Europe,
and would show that this money was their 'investment' in India!
#Trade imbalance that had gradually transformed India from an exporting
country in goods like Cotton to that of an importing country of cotton.
#Transfer of wealth in form of invisibles eg. transfer of profit,
pensions, cost of maintenance of Office of Secy etc all these coming
from Indian revenue.
Destruction of handicraft industries (during the later eighteenth
century), when the industrial revolution had only just started~ and
perhaps the societies were poised in a balanced way. This is also
related to an important phenomena of "proto-industrialisation" and
"deindustrialisation".# Destruction of technological industries like shipping in the early nineteenth century. Here it is interesting to note that shipping of India was not outdone by any Western technology, but by the non-technological political policies made in Britain. Scholars like Gunder Frank also puts the western superiority in areas like shipping only by 1840s. All these meant technological impoverishment in the long run  INDIAN POVERTY 1941 AND FAMINE UNDER BRITISH RULE WHEN INDIA WAS STARVING AND DYING BRITISH COLONIAL RULERS WERE TAKING SILVER OUT OF THE COUNTRY IN A HURRY FOR 2ND WORLD WAR! |
Wednesday, September 28, 2011
More photos of Bombay
Approach of the Monsoon, Bombay Harbour[VIEW FROM
MALABAR HILL OF BOMBAY]
View of Bombay Harbour
Panoramic view of Bombay taken from Chinchpoogly hill, Parel, looking towards Cumballa hill and Warli
View of Bombay, from Malabar Hills, with the Island of Caranjah and part of the Indian Continent in the Distance
The Stranger's Lines, Esplanade, showing part of the old ramparts of the Fort, Bombay
and guns
Bullock-drawn roller, Bombay
View of Bombay from colaba island in 1773--Artist: Forbes, James Medium: Engraving Date: 1813-- THE FORT WALLS AND THE ST THOMAS CATHEDRAL CAN BE SEEN
'Bombay Esplanade from our(soldier's) Tents. March 1870'.[MALABAR HILL WITH JUST A FEW BUNGALOWS AND GOVERNOR'S BUNGALOW can be seen ]
Morning view from Calliann[KALYAN] near Bombay
Khandalla, Bombay
View of Bombay Harbour. January 1870
View of Bombay Green[ now known as Horniman circle]
The Reversing Station, Campoolee, Bombay
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Matheran.--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1855'A Sketch in the suburbs of the City of Poonah. September 1871'.--Artist: Lester, John Frederick (1825-1915) Medium: Watercolour Date: 1871 Callian,[KALYAN] Northern Concan--Lithographer: Ackermann, Rudolph (1764-1834) Medium: Lithograph Date: 1820 The
view shows the islands of Bombay, part of the village of Mazagaon, and
the Mahratta mountains in the background. The top of Belvidere House and
Cross Island are on the left; to the right is Fort George. Ships are
pictured at anchor in the harbour  This
is plate 8 from James Wales' 'Bombay Views'. The series was painted for
Sir Charles Malet (1752-1815), the British Resident of Poona, who Wales
met in Bombay in 1791. . Across the water is Chaul and the Kanheri.'Fortress on a hill.--Artist: Johnson, John (c.1769-1846) Medium: Watercolour Date: 1795 Bhore Ghauts.--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1855[before railways were built]A photograph of a view of the Bhore Ghauts near Bombay from the 'Vibart Collection of Views in South India' taken by by an unknown photographer about 1855. The reversing station on the Bhore Ghat Incline under construction, with the hill known as the Duke's Nose in the distance. The idea of a railway to connect Bombay with Thane, Kalyan and with the Thal and Bhore Ghat inclines first occurred to Mr. George Clark, the Chief Engineer of the Bombay Government, during a visit to Bhandup in 1843. But it was not until 1856 that Bhore Ghat, 15.75 miles in length was begun under the direction of engineer William Frederick Faviell. The work was continued by Solomon Tredwell after Faviell's death in 1859. About 42,000 workers (peak of 1861) including many tribals, 32 different classes of artisans & labourers (10,822 drillers/miners, 2659 masons, buttiwalas to load & fire blasts, storekeepers, timekeepers, interpreters, filemen, platelayers, trumpeters for mustering people, thatchers, harness makers etc worked here. Coolies travelled on an average of 15-20 miles a day and carried an estimated 6,296,061 cubic yards of earthwork on heads. Esplanade and Bandstand, Bombay.--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1855 photograph
of the Esplanade and Bandstand, Bombay from the 'Vibart Collection of
Views in South India' taken by an unknown photographer about 1855. After
the fall of the Portuguese fort of Bassein in 1739, an Esplanade and
parade ground was cleared from the walls of the Bombay fort almost upto
present day Crawford Market. People sometimes drove around the esplanade
in the evenings as a form of relaxation or simply sat around relaxing.
In the early part of the 20th century, tents for showing films were
pitched here.-  Basseen(VASAI) Fort'. Captain James Barton's 12 Views of Hill Forts in the Western Ghats near Bombay, London, c.1820. Pl. 6. Ceremony of admitting water to Victoria Dock by Lady Reay [Victoria Dock construction, Bombay].---Photographer: Taurines, E. Medium: Photographic print Date: 1888On
21 February 1888, after work was completed on Victoria Dock, water was
allowed for the first time through the sluices communicating with the
Prince’s Dock. Lady Reay, in the presence of the Governor of Bombay
Richard Temple, the Trustees of the Bombay Port and a few others opened
the first sluice, and the dock was filled with water by the end of that
month. The intention of the Trustees was to formally open the dock with
some ceremony early in April when the direct entrance from the sea would
be available, but the demand for dock accommodation became so urgent
that in the early part of March of the same year, the first steamer, the
St. Regulus, was accordingly admitted through the communications
passage. Entrance via the sea-gates was made available on 3 April.. ![Ceremony of admitting water to Victoria Dock by Lady Reay [Victoria Dock construction, Bombay].](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEgxzHT2grd5GQl1CB0dFZuXr-jcy00VT8fPfTruPd3eQUu9vRWssn9dxdhEHEkEtshVTmK0mUrWoMD1h5tPDDN6Ob5O76X1ooBwOt3LM05Om72xKUf6DrrsOFOxVAIurCy7BBjj5llvxtSN2Dh-5phJAn6hyphenhyphen5g24pP_6SpK0ycU8pgDOw=s0-d) Church Gate Street of bombay fort , --(and Times of India office).Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1860 This view of Churchgate Street, now known as Vir Nariman Road, in the Fort area of Bombay was taken in the 1860s to form part of an album entitled 'Photographs of India and Overland Route'. Churchgate Street runs from Horniman Circle at the east end to what was originally named Marine Drive at the edge of the Back Bay. Churchgate Station, the old General Post Office (now the Telegraph Office) and the Cathedral Church of St Thomas, the oldest still-functioning structure in the city, are all located along its length. However, Churchgate Station and the Post Office were later additions to the street and would not have been in existence at the time of this photograph. The Mazagaom Bunder, with a vessel stranded [Bombay].--Photographer: Scott, Charles Medium: Photographic print Date: 1850hotograph
of Mazagaon Bunder, Bombay from 'Views in the island of Bombay' by
Charles Scott,1850s. In the 1770s since Bombay began to trade in cotton
with China and exports of other goods from Bombay increased, the British
decided to build a new dock at Mazagaon, which lay east of the main
island of Bombay. The area developed due to the growth of trade and
subsequent economic prosperity of the town. Land reclamation projects in
the 19th century joint the islands making Mazagaon landlocked and
losing its prosperity to neighbouring areas. ![The Mazagaom Bunder, with a vessel stranded [Bombay].](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEggq84hyklrc8V1W5Bvd9ip-BnB-qkHonsjbdG8R4HNghlAjAYjEHiBPgmm9xGN4xHjJ0KJW37D4ypWRWychfLd-fBK_Nqo6djBBBEWP5Vmpxwtc0r44VI3UixtTxdi6NMQtsSCLAbeU7BF-jhbiWU0kuKs2_iECvfp8AYOYUtQzIZ81g=s0-d) View of Bombay', after the painting by Lambert & Scott. Mezzotint by Elisha Kirkall, c.1735. Printed for T. & J. Bowles. Presented by Sir George Birdwood. Etcher: Kirkall, Elisha (c.1682-1742) Medium: Mezzotint Date: 1735 Mezzotint with etching of a view of Bombay by Elisha Kirkall dated c.1735 after the painting by George Lambert (1710-65) and Samuel Scott (1701/2-72). Inscribed on the front is: 'To the Honourable the Court of Directors of the United-Company of Merchants of England trading to the East-Indies this view of Bombay done after the Painting in the Court Room of the Company house in Leaden Hall Street is most humbly Dedicated by their Honours most obliged and most devoted Servant John Bowles.' The area of Bombay was composed of seven islands separated by a marshy swamp and inhabited by Koli fisherman. Its deep natural harbour led the Portuguese settlers of the 16th century to name the settlement Bom Bahia 'the Good Bay'. The British Crown acquired the islands as part of the marriage dowry of Catherine of Braganza when she married Charles II in 1661. Bombay was then presented to the East India Company in 1668. The East India Company’s navy was founded at the beginning of the 18th century to protect shipping against pirates and the maritime Mahratta states. Ships were built both locally and in Britain and eventually the fleet was sufficiently powerful to be able to go into action anywhere between the Red Sea and China. The second governor of Bombay, Gerald Aungier offered inducements for skilled workers and traders to settle here and the town quickly developed into a thriving trading port and commercial centre Khandalla on the Bhore Ghaut, Bombay.--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1860 his print was taken by an unknown photographer in the 1860s. It shows a view of Khandala, a small hill station in the state of Maharashtra, Bombay Harbor with guns from Apollo Bunder.--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1855 A photograph of a view of Bombay Harbour from Appolo Bundar from the 'Vibart Collection of Views in South India' taken by an unknown photographer about 1855.The East India Company’s navy was founded at the beginning of the 18th Century to protect shipping against pirates and the maritime Mahratta states. Ships were built in Britain and locally and eventually the fleet was sufficiently powerful to be able to go into action anywhere between the Red Sea and China. Angria's Colaba.-Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1855A
photograph of the Colaba Fort in Bombay from the 'Vibart Collection of
Views in South India' taken by an unknown photographer about 1855.
Colaba Fort in what is the Konkan region is nine hundred feet long and
three hundred and fifty feet wide and was built by Shivaji Maharaj in
1680. Of the two 'dwars' or gates, the Mahadarwaja to the east is
decorated with tigers, elephants, and peacocks. At high tide the Fort is
inaccessible, while at low tide one can walk across to it.  Marine Battalion, Esplanade.-BOMBAY-Artist: Gonsalves, Jose M. (fl. 1826-c.1842) Medium: Lithograph Date: 1826 Lithograph of the Marine Battalion at the Esplanade by Jose M. Gonsalves (fl. 1826-c.1842). Plate 4 from his 'Lithographic Views of Bombay' published in Bombay in 1826. Gonsalves, thought to be of Goan origin, was one of the first artists to practice lithography in Bombay and specialised in topographical views of the city. In 1772, the English feared an attack on Bombay by the French and cleared a semi-circular area of land around the fort to provide a clear line of fire. This area was known as the Esplanade. In the southern section of this area, there was a parade ground known as Marine Lines. This view shows a battalion soldiers on parade with military bungalows in the background. BOMBAY-Back Bay in 1861.-Photographer: Johnson, William Medium: Photographic print Date: 1861 Photograph taken by William Johnson in 1861, of Back Bay in Bombay (Mumbai), Maharashtra, from an album of 40 albumen prints taken in the 1860s. The busy port and industrial hub of Bombay is the capital of Maharashtra. During British rule, it was the administrative capital of the Bombay Presidency. Extending over a peninsula into the Arabian Sea on the west coast of India, Bombay prospered with maritime trade and became the chief commercial centre of the Arabian Sea. Originally a collection of fishing villages of the Koli community built on seven islands, Bombay was by the 14th century controlled by the Gujarat Sultanate who ceded it to the Portuguese in the 16th century. In 1661 it was part of the dowry brought to Charles II of England when he married the Portuguese princess Catherine of Braganza. In the 19th century, Bombay burgeoned with economic activity and grew huge. Land reclamation along Back Bay provided for further development. Back Bay is located at the southeast tip of Bombay, near the fort and central district. In this view local craft are beached in the foreground.  Aquatinter: Clark, J. (fl.1789-1834) Medium: Aquatint, coloured Date: 1813 Coloured aquatint of the Fleet under Convoy of H. M.'s Ship 'Chiffone' Captain Wainwright leaving Bombay in Maharashtra by J. Clark (fl.1789-1834) after an original drawing of September 14th 1809 by Robert Temple (fl.early 1800) of the H. M. 65th Regiment and published in London in 1813. In 1674, Bombay replaced Surat as the headquarters of the English East Company in India. The esplanade, seen in the foreground of this view, provided a clear range of fire from the fort and was added in the 1770s to protect the city from the French. Back Bay, Bombay.--Photographer: Johnson and Henderson Medium: Photographic print Date: 1855 A photograph of the Back Bay in Bombay from the 'Vibart Collection of Views in South India' taken by Johnson & Henderson about 1855. Originally, Bombay was composed of seven islands separated by a marshy swamp. It’s deep natural harbour led the Portuguese settlers of the 16th Century to call it Bom Bahia (the Good Bay). The British Crown acquired the islands in 1661when Catherine of Braganza married Charles II, as part of her marriage dowry. It was then presented to the East India Company in 1668. The second governor, Gerald Aungier, developed Bombay into a trading port and centre for commerce and inducements were offered to skilled workers and traders to move here. Back Bay is located on the southeast tip of the island near the fort, the central business district and the area known as Colaba.The Back Bay Reclamation Project was originally proposed in 1865, started in 1913, sidelined by government regulations until 1922, abandoned in 1930, proposed again in 1950 and finally completed in 1970. Bombay Green of 1862. Thana Fort on the Island of Salsette seen from the Esplanade. Camels and European figures in the foreground Artist: Heen, A. van der (fl. 1782) Medium: Wash Date: 1752 Wash drawing by A. van der Heen (fl. 1782) of Thana Fort on the Island of Salsette near Bombay in Maharashtra, seen from the Esplanade, with camels and European figures in the foreground, dated 1782. The image is inscribed on the back in ink: 'Tanah fort taken from the Esplanade. A. van der Heen fecit, 1782.' View Of Bombay, From Mazagon Hill.--Artist: Gonsalves, Jose M. (fl. 1826--c. 1842) Medium: Lithograph, coloured Date: 1833 Mazagon hill was an outlying suburb of Bombay and became a fashionable place to live in the 18th century. Bungalows and plantation houses were built by the British and more affluent Indians moving out of the crowded fort area. During the 19th century, Mazagon experienced a decline as residents moved into the fashionable Bycullah area nearby. The docks were reclaimed towards the end of the century and Mazagon was left landlocked; eventually the fumes from the developing mills drove out any remaining affluent residents. Hill Fort, Poorandhur--Artist: Nash, Alexander (fl. 1834-1846) Medium: Pencil on paper Date: 1844 Pencil drawing of Purandhar Fort by Alexander Nash (fl. 1834-1846) between 1844 and 1845 View from Sion Fort --Artist: Wales, James (1747-1795) Medium: Etching, coloured Date: 1800 From the vantage of Sion fort, the view opens out to the island of Mahim, which was occupied by the Portuguese in the 16th century. In the 1670s the convent of Our Lady of Salvation was built on the island, and a Franciscan church constructed in what is now Dadar. In the 17th century, the Englishman John Fryer wrote of a customs house and a guard house on the island. Street scene in the Fort area, Bombay.--Photographer: Bourne and Shepherd Medium: Photographic print Date: 1870 This view is of a street composed of western Indian wooden architecture in a thriving bazaar View from the Esplanade of Fort George Bombay towards Mazagon'--Date: 1828Artist: Miller, William (1795-1836) Medium: Wash  showing the view from Fort George in Bombay towards Mazagaon by William Miller (1795-1836) c.1828. Inscribed on reverse: 'View from the Esplenade of Fort George Bombay towards Mazagon'. Part of the Fort and fort wall, Bombay, 1863.--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1863 Photograph taken shortly before the demolition of the rampart and moat of the Fort in Bombay (Mumbai), Maharashtra, by an unknown photographer, from an album of 40 prints of the 1860s. The busy port and industrial hub of Bombay is the capital of Maharashtra. During British rule, it was the administrative capital of the Bombay Presidency. Extending over a peninsula into the Arabian Sea on the west coast of India, Bombay prospered with maritime trade and became the chief commercial centre of the Arabian Sea. Originally a collection of fishing villages of the Koli communitybuilt on seven islands, Bombay was by the 14th century controlled by the Gujarat Sultanate who ceded it to the Portuguese in the 16th century. In 1661 it passed to the English as part of the dowry brought to Charles II by the Portuguese princess Catherine of Braganza. The British built up fortifications around Bombay harbour in the 17th century around the original Portuguese settlement. In the 1760s the fortifications were enhanced as the British were engaged in war with France in both Europe and India. By the 19th century the British had established control over India and the fort walls were torn down and the area converted into the central district of Bombay city. Part of the Fort, Bombay in 1864.--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1864 Photograph with a view looking towards a street of private houses at the Fort perimeter, after the removal of the ramparts, in Bombay (Mumbai), Maharashtra, taken by an unknown photographer, from an album of 40 prints of the 1860s. The busy port and industrial hub of Bombay is the capital of Maharashtra. During British rule, it was the administrative capital of the Bombay Presidency. Extending over a peninsula into the Arabian Sea on the west coast of India, Bombay prospered with maritime trade and became the chief commercial centre of the Arabian Sea. Originally a collection of fishing villages of the Koli communitybuilt on seven islands, Bombay was by the 14th century controlled by the Gujarat Sultanate who ceded it to the Portuguese in the 16th century. In 1661 it passed to the English as part of the dowry brought to Charles II by the Portuguese princess Catherine of Braganza. The British built up fortifications around Bombay harbour in the 17th century around the original Portuguese settlement. In the 1760s the fortifications were enhanced as the British were engaged in war with France in both Europe and India. By the 19th century the British had established control over India and the fort walls were torn down and the area converted into the central district of Bombay city. Street in Bombay Fort.--Date: 1860--Photographer: Unknown Photograph of a street in the Fort area of Bombay (Mumbai), Maharashtra, by an unknown photographer, from an album of 40 prints taken in the 1860s. Bombay, one of the key cities of India, is a major port, busy manufacturing centre and capital of Maharashtra. During British rule, it was the administrative capital of the Bombay Presidency. It extends over a peninsula jutting into the Arabian Sea on the west coast of India. Originally a collection of fishing villages of the Koli community built on seven islands, Bombay was by the 14th century controlled by the Gujarat Sultanate who ceded it to the Portuguese in the 16th century. In 1661 it was part of the dowry brought to Charles II of England when he married the Portuguese princess Catherine of Braganza. The British built up fortifications around Bombay harbour in the 17th century around the original Portuguese settlement. In the 1760s the fortifications were enhanced as the British were engaged in war with France in both Europe and India. By the 19th century the British had established control over India and the fort walls were torn down and the area converted into the central district of Bombay city. The Fort, Bombay, Harbour face wall,- 1863.--Date: 1863--Photographer: Unknown GUNS POINTING DOWN INTO MOAT North-west view of the fort of Bombay--Date: 1826--Artist: Westall, william (1781-1850) This is plate 17 from Robert Melville Grindlay's 'Scenery, Costumes and Architecture chiefly on the Western Side of India'. Grindlay (1786-1877) was only 17 when he arrived in India in 1803. He served with the Bombay Native Infantry from 1804 to 1820 and during this period made a large collection of sketches and drawings. Referring to the fort of Bombay, Grindlay wrote: "The fortifications which were originally commenced by the Portuguese, and subsequently improved by the English, though very strong particularly towards the sea, are too extensive, and require a very large garrison. That part represented in the plate is the north-west extremity, and exhibits a remarkable accumulation of threatening embrasures, commanding the approach from the northern part of the island". By the middle of the 18th century, the fort area had became too congested and setllements moved outside its walls, with the governor moving in 1750 to Parel. Much of the area was gutted in the great fire of 1803, the year Grindlay arrived. Interior of Fort,--Date: 1855-- Bombay.-[before fort walls removed] Also Notes on the life inside Bombay fortA
photograph of the interior of the Fort, Bombay from the 'Vibart
Collection of Views in South India' taken by an unknown photographer
about 1855. 'By the end of the 17th century, Bombay had developed into
an important local port. In 1715 Charles Boone became the Governor of
Bombay. He implemented Aungier's plans for the fortification of the
island, and had walls built from Dongri in the north to Mendham's point
in the south. He established a force of Marines and constructed St.
Thomas' Church, within the fort'. In a count made in 1794, it was found
that there were 1000 houses inside the fort walls and 6500 outside.  1841, February 24th. — Bombay street notes:- "The Fort is now a second Augean stable — heat suffocating. March 24th. —" We are informed that H. E. has directed that the oval space called Bombay Green, in the centre of which the statue of the Marquis Cornwallis now stands, is to be neatly laid out and railed in as a garden Sir Robert Grant suggested the planting of all the roadsides with trees. Now un fait accompli, well and truly done." October 12th. — " The unhealthy position of the Colaba Barracks is now fully demonstrated." All nonsense. The two Napiers put this all to right. 1849, February 16th. — " Our nuisances are the barking of pariah dogs at night. Ferocious dogs attack people at ChurCH Gate at night." I am afraid they are like the poor, " always with us." 1850, September. — " Eumour that Elephanta is to be turned into a tavern and ball-room." More nonsense. The next fond anticipation has been answered by the custodians 1850:- locking the Elphinstone Garden gates at sundown. " Bombay Green — a swamp in monsoon and a receptacle of stones and dust in fine weather. Shall we ever see fond lovers there, sitting under the shade of umbrageous trees " ? November. — " Children not burned, but buried in the sands of Back Bay." 1851, May. — "The moat round Bombay, 2| miles in length, is now dry from end to end, and was never dry before." 1852, June 18th. — " The Fort is no cleaner nor more savory than it was in your time " (say 1832). 1852, April 11th. — " A monster petition to the Court of Directors, London, from the inhabitants of Bombay, against any building being erected on Bombay Green.Copy sent to every firm or individual in England who knew Bombay." 1853, November 19th. — " Saw a corpse strung by four cords jostled through the streets to its shallow hole in the sands of Back Bay." 1854. — "Hornby Eow is one of the filthiest streets in Bombay." Many letters in the papers on the Main Drain Nuisance. August 19th. — " The Town Hall is now in a very dirty condition ; the stairway the resort of idle gamblers and so forth. November. — " Corpses floating in harbour after the Great Storm. Public notice to abstain from fish, as was done in 1827 and '37." 1856, September 9th. — " Vehar works in progress." 1857, October 20th. — " Dr. Buist proposes to cover the main drain." A most earnest and useful man. Who knows if the seeds of his illness and death were not sown in such foul surroundings ? 1858, May 15th. — " The sanitary condition of Bombay is a disgrace to us all." 1859, May 17th.— " Ditch fearfully foul." 1860, February 29th. — "From Colaba Church to the light- house the stink might be cut with a knife. " May 3rd. — "A (THE BLACK DEATH)[PLAGUE DEATH] Goanese corpse from the Jejeebhoy Hospital was left at Sonapore Churchyard and eaten by vultures and dogs." Government House, Fort, Bombay--Date: 1826--Artist: Gonsalves, Jose M. (fl. 1826-c.1842) Lithograph of the Government House in the Fort in Bombay by Jose M. Gonsalves (fl. 1826-c.1842). Plate 2 from his 'Lithographic Views of Bombay' published in Bombay in 1826. Gonsalves, thought to be of Goan origin, was one of the first artists to practice lithography in Bombay and specialised in topographical views of the city. This view of the Government House in the fort area of Bombay was taken from Bombay Green. On the right is the monument to Marquis Cornwallis, the Governor-General and Commander in Chief in India from 1786 to 1793. The location of the Government House in Bombay changed several times. Originally, the Government House was located in Bombay Castle. The second Government House, shown in this view, was situated in the fort area on Apollo Street and functioned as the official residence of the Governor until 1829. The third Government House at Parel had already been used as a Country retreat for the Governor from 1719. In the 1880s, the location of the Government House was moved once again to Malabar Point. Scene in Bombay--Date: 1826--Artist: Grindlay, Robert Melville (1786-1877)st Thomas cathedral seen Grindlay explains that in 1811, the Bombay 'Green' was "an irregular area, surrounded by various public buildings and originally intended for the Garrison-Parade; but occupied during the dry season by vast piles of cotton bales, marine stores, and various bulky articles of merchandise." Bombay fort' General view of Bombay. Arthur Willmore --Date: 1840 Engraving of a general view of Bombay by Arthur Willmore (1814-88) after Thomas Allom (1804-1872) and dated c.1840. The area of Bombay was originally composed of seven islands. In 1661, these islands were acquired by the British Crown from the Portuguese as part of the marriage dowry of Catherine of Braganza when she married Charles II. From 1668, the East India Company leased the land from the British Crown and developed the area as a trading port. A manor house of the Portuguese, situated on Bombay Island, provided a suitable site for the fort. A custom house, warehouse, quay and fortifications were also built soon after. In the 18th century, the town surrounding the fort was developed. This included the contruction a number of public buildings, the creation of outer fortifications and the clearance of land surrounding this area. In this view, the flagstaff within this area is shown. By the 1860s, the need for military defence lessened and Governor Sir Bartle Frere demolished the fort walls. As a result, Bombay underwent an ambitious phase of building in the Victorian style. 'View in Basseen Fort'. Captain James Barton's 12 Views of Hill Forts in the Western Ghats near Bombay, London, c.1820.Artist: Barton, James, Capt (1793-1829)--Medium: Lithograph Date: 1820  A TEMPLE NEAR TO PORTUGESE CHURCHES IN THE BASSEIN FORT[VASAI FORT]1820 Coloured lithograph of a view in Bassein Fort by Rudolph Ackermann (1764-1834) after Captain James Barton (1793-1829) plate 7 of Barton's 12 Views of Hill Forts in the Western Ghats near Bombay published in London c.1820. Bassein (Vasai) is situated at the mouth of the Ulhas River north of Bombay. In 1534, the Portuguese seized Bassein from Bahadur Shah, the Sultan of Gujarat, and the town remained in their control for just over 200 years. At the height of its prosperity, Bassein had 5 convents and 13 churches. In 1739, Bassein was taken by the Marathas. In 1802, the British secured the Treaty of Bassein with Peshwa Baji Rao II, which allowed British forces to be stationed in Maratha territory. Sewri Fort, Bombay, looking across to Trombay Island. An officer, probably a self portrait, is shown sketchingDate: 1828--Artist: Miller, William (1795-1836)  Pen and ink drawing of Sewri Fort in Bombay looking across to Trombay Island by William Miller (1795-1836) in 1828.The image is inscribed: 'Suree from below the Band hill. Bandalah. W.M. December 1828'. Sewri Fort was located on the eastern shore of Parel Island and constructed in 1770. Parel Island, along with Trombay, was one of seven that originally made up the area of Bombay. The artist, William Miller, had a house at Parel. It was located at Vadalla between the towns of Sewri and Matunga. In this view an officer is shown sketching on the left. This figure is probably a self portrait of the artist. A view at Calbadavie [Bombay].--Date: 1850--Photographer: Scott, Charles![A view at Calbadavie [Bombay].](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEgtm7-ZMaJ-U6AN0xvP-i7Saimp1mxPGo2M3eCM8s-PjU1R61xQeIdyjHKkAeXmD973l9bKnkx9gTvCTp7gOp0y69K7C6VnFc5S9yjbbkM6N4O9gn4GkZ-akkMTBG1oRHaTqh1W4MxwWndl2CD2AcD8Egk1NxAKZBxpnkiHPczygXimGw=s0-d) Photograph of Kalbadevi, Bombay from 'Views in the island of Bombay' by Charles Scott,1850s. The area of Kalbadevi was named after the shrine dedicated to the goddess Kali in this area. In the 18th and 19th century, Hindu immigrants from Gujarat, Kathiawar, Kutch and Marwar moved to Bombay to escape famine and drought in their homelands and settle in Bombay, where there was economic growth and prosperity. Kalbadevi was one of the areas where they settled. Some of the houses drew inspiration from Gujarat or Rajasthan, the areas where the residents came from. Kalbadevi was also a busy commercial centre with the Gujarati and Marwari Jewellers conducting their business and as a centre for trade in cotton and metals. Cotton stores, Bombay.-Date: 1855-Photographer: Johnson and Henderson A photograph of a view of a cotton warehouse, Bombay from the 'Vibart Collection of Views in South India' taken by an unknown photographer about 1855.Before the mid 19th Century, India used to export cotton to Britain, and then reimport cloth. The impetus towards the founding of a cotton industry came from Indian entrepreneurs; the first mill, ‘The Bombay Spinning Mill’, was opened in 1854 in Bombay by Cowasji Nanabhai Davar. Opposition from the Lancashire mill owners was eventually offset by the support of the British manufacturers of textile machinery. Cotton exports from India took off during the American Civil War, when supplies from the USA were interrupted. Bombay, from Malabar Hill-date: 1855--Photographer: Johnson and Henderson A photograph of a view of Bombay from Malabar Hill from the 'Vibart Collection of Views in South India' taken by an unknown photographer about 1855. Originally, Bombay was composed of seven islands separated by a marshy swamp. It’s deep natural harbour led the Portuguese settlers of the 16th Century to call it Bom Bahia (the Good Bay). The British Crown acquired the islands in 1661when Catherine of Braganza married Charles II, as part of her marriage dowry. It was then presented to the East India Company in 1668. The second governor, Gerald Aungier, developed Bombay into a trading port and centre for commerce and inducements were offered to skilled workers and traders to move here. please note:- The second governor, Gerald Aungier, developed Bombay into a trading port and centre for commerce and inducements were offered to skilled workers and traders to move here. BOMBAY-1850-MALABAR HILL -Photographer: Scott, Charles![Malabar Hill [Bombay].](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjx9sc4eQZO-qAMGQm6cCS3IGXbQXGVmF2UxLfXFWtyy3TiiFmAy97ANTKFlZ2fLTF3fotSiL29i8D8M9rmLTTbHh0528eVxjC8rUDn0K8J-Am5ywPOJ6SjBUL3vNXmTU-EEpbgy1f5KEo8WZzP1dHZZupgzygU0v1tosMq0Fo7n9rnpw=s0-d) Photograph looking at the eastern part of Malabar Hill, Bombay from 'Views in the island of Bombay' by Charles Scott,1850s. Malabar Hill, the highest point in Bombay, is where the Silhara Kings (r.810-1260) founded the original Walkeshwar Temple. The temple was destroyed by the Portuguese and rebuilt in 1715 by Rama Kamath. By 1860, the temple attracted many people and there were 10 to 20 other temples around it and 50 dharamshalas. Fairs were held near the temple. Mountstuart Elphinstone built the first Bungalow in Malabar Hill during his governorship from 1818 to 1827. After this many more people built houses here and the area became a posh locality which it still remains. WILD ANIMALS INCLUDING TIGERS WERE REPORTED ON MALABAR HILL 1850 .
Malabar Hill was named so in the early days of British rule as it
housed a military battery to foil a fleet of pirates operating from
Malabar who would lie in wait to attack commercial vessels. .
The Malabar-Cumbala Hills were tropical forests, which had a good
population of wild animals like snakes, pythons, monkeys and the elusive
tiger. Bombay 1881-VIEW FROM MALABAR HILL was possibly taken looking east from Cumbala Hill. BASSEN FORT(VASAI FORT) BOMBAY-1780The British Library says that it is a "Pen-and-ink and wash drawing of the Fort of Bassein in Maharashtra by Charles Reynolds (c.1756-1819) in 1780. BOMBAY-1675-PEOPLE AND BUSINESSIn
1661, the islands of Bombay passed to the British Crown, when Charles
II married Catherine of Braganza. However, the Portuguese garrison in
Bassein refused to part with the islands of Salsette, Parel, Worli
and Mazagaon.
This list does not exhaust all the islands that have merged into the modern city of Bombay. In particular,Salsette, the large northern island which remained under Portuguese control till 1739, is not counted among these seven. British soldiers captured these islands only in 1665, and a treaty was signed in the manor house on the island of Bombay. The
British East India Company received it from the crown in 1668 for the
sum of 10 pounds a year, payable every September 30. Sir George Oxenden,
then President of the factory in Surat, became the first Governor of
Bombay. The Company immediately set about the task of opening up the
islands by constructing a quay and warehouses. A customs house was also
built. Fortifications were made around the manor house, now renamed
Bombay Castle. A Judge-Advocate was appointed for the purpose of civil
administration. Sir George died in 1669. Gerald
Aungier was appointed the President of the Surat factory and Governor
of Bombay in 1672, and remained at this post till 1675. He offered
various inducement to skilled workers and traders to set up business in
the new township. As a result, a large number of Parsis, Armenian,
Bohras, Jews, Gujarati banias from Surat and Diu and Brahmins from
Salsette came to Bombay. The population of Bombay was estimated to have
risen from 10,000 in 1661 to 60,000 in 1675. The first four governors held Bombay for the Crown:-
Gerald
Aungier established the first mint in Bombay. In 1670 the Parsi
businessman Bhimjee Parikh imported the first printing press into
Bombay. Aungier planned extensive fortifications from Dongri in the north to Mendham's Point (near present day Lion Gate) in the south. However, these walls were only built in the beginning of the 18th century. The harbour was also developed, with space for the berthing of 20 ships. In 1686, the Company shifted its main holdings from Surat to Bombay. During
the Portuguese occupation, Bombay exported only coir and coconuts. With
the coming of many Indian and British merchants, Bombay's trade
developed. Soon it was trading in salt, rice, ivory, cloth, lead and
sword blades with many Indian ports as well as with Mecca and Basra. Life India-- Elephants Stable--Bullock powered Mill---Bullock cart -- Hill Fort of Mhowle-Lithographer: Ackermann, Rudolph (1764-1834) Medium: Lithograph Date: 1820 Coloured lithograph of the Hill Fort of Mhowle in the Western Ghats in Maharashtra by Rudolph Ackermann (1764-1834) after an original drawing by Captain James Barton (1793-1829). Plate 8 of 'Captain James Barton's 12 Views of Hill Forts in the Western Ghats near Bombay' published in London c.1820. The Western Ghats are a range of hills that reach from the state of Maharashtra to Tamil Nadu and separate Bombay, on the western coast, from central India. This view shows a British encampment in front of a large outcrop of rock at Mowle. The artist, Captain James Barton, was an artillery officer who served in the third Anglo-Maratha war in 1817-19. Hill Fort on the Island of Caranjah-near BOMBAY-Artist: Forbes, James Medium: Engraving Date: 1813 From Salsette near Bombay, Forbes(1749-1819) sailed to Karanja and landed about two miles from the principal town, situated between two lofty mountains, on the west. He observed that it was: 'nothing more than a large Mahratta village, with low-straggling houses, near a tank covered with wild ducks and water-fowls, hitherto unmolested by Europeans. On its bank a small fort, a Portuguese church and a Hindoo temple embellished the view. It commands a western view of the town and harbour of Bombay, Salsette and all the adjacent islands, and to the east the mountains of the continent, and nearer plains of Caranjah; abounding in rice-fields, coco-nut, palmyra, mango and tamarind trees, filled with monkeys, parrots, owls, and singing-birds of various kinds'. The Fort of Visiadroog - Southern Koncan. One of a series of Views in India and in the vicinity of Bombay Lithographer: Spreat, William (fl. mid-19th century)Medium: LithographDate: 1850 Lithograph
of the Fort at Vijayadurg by William Spreat after an original sketch by
Robert Pouget and one of a series of 'Views in India and in the
vicinity of Bombay' dated c.1850 and published in London. The
Fort at Vijayadurg is located at the mouth of the Vaghotan creek on the
western coast of India between Goa and Bombay. The fort, built by the
Adil Shahi dynasty of Bijapur, was strengthened and enlarged by the
Maratha ruler Shivaji from 1669. While main entrance to the fort on the
landward side was protected by outworks and a moat, the inner circuit of
walls include 20 towers and rise to the height of 36m. 1858-BOMBAY FORT Commencement of the Reservoir, in the Valley of Vehar, Island of Salsette," Illustrated London News, 1856* 1770-BOMBAY The Strait Between the Islands of Bombay and Salsette(before mahim causeway/bridge was made) by William Carpenter (1818-99). Watercolour on paper.
A general view of a British station Date: 1860. Image from Mary Evans - Prints Online Lord Hastings' flotilla on the river, with many pinnace budgerows--Artist: Sita Ram (fl. c.1810-1822) Medium: Watercolour Date: 1814A View of Black Wall with part of the Yard--Artist: Dodd, R Medium: Engraving Date: 1789Dodd,
the artist, explained: "This view was taken at the launch of the Bombay
Castle, a 74-gun ship built at the expence of the Hon[ora]ble East
India Company and presented by them to His Majesty. Blackwall is the
most eminent place on the river Thames for building and equipping ships
for the service of the Honb.le East India Company. The Dockyard has been
considered as the East India Yard from the year 1608 and at this time
more capacious than any other private yard in the Kingdom or probably in
the world…"  1908-RIOT OUTSIDE ESPLANADE COURT ;BEFORE TRIAL OF CONGRESS LEADER B.G.TILAK A Hindoo Fair, a wood engraving from the Illustrated London News, 1858 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
R
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